抽象与模型检查:验证程序属性的新方法

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"模型检查与抽象化方法在验证软件和硬件系统中的应用" "Model Checking" 是一种形式验证技术,用于自动验证系统是否满足预定的规范或属性。它基于一种称为“模型”的数学表示,该模型描述了系统的动态行为。模型检查器会遍历所有可能的系统状态和执行路径,以确定是否存在违反指定性质的情况。如果系统模型能够满足所有可能的执行轨迹上的规范,那么我们可以确信系统在实际运行中也将满足这些规范。 "Model Checking and Abstraction" 描述的是如何使用抽象来降低模型检查过程中的复杂性。在传统的模型检查中,随着系统规模的增长,状态空间会迅速膨胀,导致验证过程变得极其困难。通过抽象,我们可以从复杂的原始模型中提取出关键特征,创建一个简化的抽象模型。这个抽象模型保留了原始模型的主要行为,但忽略了不重要的细节,从而减少了状态空间的大小。 抽象化技术类似于抽象解释,这是一种静态分析方法,它通过构造一个简化版本的程序来理解其行为,而无需实际执行程序。在模型检查的上下文中,我们构建的抽象模型能够捕捉程序的关键性质,而无需考虑具体的实现细节。这样,我们就可以在较小、更易管理的模型上进行验证,然后将结果推广到原始系统。 我们已经实现了一个基于这些技术的系统,并通过一系列实例展示了其实用性。其中包括一个代表流水线ALU电路的程序,该电路具有超过10^6个状态。这个例子表明,即使面对庞大的状态空间,抽象模型检查也能有效地进行验证。 在这个领域,相关类别和主题包括: B52 [寄存器传输级实现],涉及硬件设计的高层次描述; F.3.1 [程序的逻辑和意义],涵盖程序的规格说明、验证和推理方法; 关键词和短语进一步强调了"Abstract Interpretation",这是静态分析中的一个重要概念,用于从源代码中提取和处理信息,以进行类型检查、错误检测和优化等任务。 模型检查和抽象提供了一种强大的工具,能够对复杂的硬件和软件系统进行形式验证,确保它们在设计阶段就能满足预期的正确性和可靠性标准,从而降低了在实际部署后出现错误的风险。这种技术在航空航天、汽车电子、嵌入式系统以及任何对安全性要求极高的领域都具有广泛的应用。
2009-06-23 上传
Model checking is a technique for verifying finite state concurrent systems such as sequential circuit designs and communication protocols. It has a number of advantages over traditional approaches that are based on simulation, testing, and deductive reasoning. In particular, model checking is automatic and usually quite fast. Also, if the design contains an error, model checking will produce a counterexample that can be used to pinpoint the source of the error. The method, which was awarded the 1998 ACM Paris Kanellakis Award for Theory and Practice, has been used successfully in practice to verify real industrial designs, and companies are beginning to market commercial model checkers. The main challenge in model checking is dealing with the state space explosion problem. This problem occurs in systems with many components that can interact with each other or systems with data structures that can assume many different values. In such cases the number of global states can be enormous. Researchers have made considerable progress on this problem over the last ten years. This is the first comprehensive presentation of the theory and practice of model checking. The book, which includes basic as well as state-of-the-art techniques, algorithms, and tools, can be used both as an introduction to the subject and as a reference for researchers. About the Authors Edmund M. Clarke, a pioneer of the automated method called Model Checking, is FORE Systems Professor of Computer Science and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, and a winner of the 2007 Turing Award given by the Association for Computing Machinery. Doron Peled is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. Endorsements "Model Checking is bound to be the pre-eminent source for research, teaching, and industrial practice on this important subject. The authors include the foremost experts. This is the first truly comprehensive treatment of a line of research that has gone from conception to industrial practice in only two decades." —R. P. Kurshan, Distinguished Member Technical Staff, Bell Laboratories