Android on x86: 深入编程与性能优化指南

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"Android On X86" 本书是关于在x86架构上开发和优化Android应用的专业指南，全面探讨了Android操作系统的历史、演进以及在非传统移动设备上的应用。作者深入浅出地介绍了Android在x86平台上的独特挑战和机遇。 1. **Android OS的历史与进化** (Chapter 1) 本章回顾了Android操作系统从诞生至今的发展历程，包括各个主要版本的更新和改进，特别关注了其在x86架构上的适配和优化，这对于理解Android如何适应不同硬件环境至关重要。 2. **移动设备与操作系统全景** (Chapter 2) 这一章分析了移动设备市场和操作系统竞争格局，讨论了Android如何在众多操作系统中脱颖而出，并探讨了x86架构在移动设备中的地位和重要性。 3. **超越移动应用的技术基础** (Chapter 3) 书中深入讨论了支撑Android应用的底层技术，包括操作系统原理、软件栈结构，以及在x86平台上运行Android所需的基础设施。 4. **Android开发：商业概览与考量** (Chapter 4) 本章涵盖了Android开发的商业环境，讨论了开发者在x86平台上进行应用开发时应考虑的因素，如市场定位、盈利模式和跨平台兼容性。 5. **Intel移动处理器详解** (Chapter 5) 对Intel的移动处理器进行了详细解析，探讨了它们如何支持Android系统，以及与ARM架构相比在性能和功耗方面的特点。 6. **安装Intel Android SDK for Application Development** (Chapter 6) 本章指导读者如何配置和安装用于在Intel平台上开发Android应用的SDK，包括必要的工具、模拟器和编译器设置。 7. **创建与移植基于NDK的Android应用** (Chapter 7) 介绍了如何利用Android Native Development Kit (NDK) 创建和移植原生代码应用，特别是在x86架构上的注意事项和最佳实践。 8. **Android应用调试** (Chapter 8) 提供了调试Android应用的技巧和策略，包括在x86环境下如何有效地定位和解决问题。 9. **x86平台上的Android应用性能优化** (Chapter 9) 本章专注于在x86架构上提高Android应用的性能，包括内存管理、多线程优化和硬件加速等方面的方法。 10. **x86 NDK与C/C++优化** (Chapter 10) 讨论了针对x86平台进行C/C++代码优化的策略，以提升应用的运行效率和兼容性。 11. **利用Intel Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager加速Android on x86模拟** (Chapter 11) 解释了如何在Windows、MacOS和Linux上利用Intel的硬件加速执行管理器来提升x86平台上Android模拟器的性能。通过这些章节的学习，读者不仅可以掌握Android在x86架构上的开发技能，还能了解到如何充分利用硬件特性，实现高效、高性能的Android应用开发。对于希望扩展Android应用覆盖范围，尤其是考虑在桌面或服务器环境下的开发者来说，本书提供了宝贵的知识和实践经验。

Chapter 2

The Mobile Device and

Operating System Landscape

50 billion connected devices by 2020.

—Ericsson, 2010

Networked computers. Connected devices. Mobile devices. Machine-to-machine

(M2M). On-the-Go (OTG). Portable computing. Smart services. The list goes on and on.

The terminology used to describe machines that send data to other machines seems to

change every day. With all of these different types of devices that are seemingly similar,

it’s easy to confuse them.

Android is certainly not the only operating system used on devices in today’s markets.

Various mobile operating systems have existed, and many are still in competition with

Android. Although the focus of this book is on the Android market, an understanding

of the competition—iOS, Windows Phone, and so on—is important for any successful

business venture and is therefore the focus of this chapter. This is best put into words by

the famous Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his The Art of War: “If you know the

enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles.”

Competition in the Mobile Space

The Android operating system is a very popular choice among consumers in the current

commercial market. Over 250 million Android devices are in use today. But Android is

not the only choice, nor was it the first mobile operating system implemented. There

are several additional mobile operating systems, including iOS from Apple, MeeGo from

Intel and Nokia, Windows Phone from Microsoft, and so on. There are many differences

in the implementation of these operating systems and many diverse reasons that these

platforms are used. This section provides a light overview of these other mobile operating

systems, by discussing their strengths and weaknesses.

CHAPTER 2 ■ THE MobilE DEviCE AnD oPERATing SySTEM lAnDSCAPE

iOS

Developed and distributed by Apple, Inc., iOS was originally released in 2007 on the

original iPhone and iPod Touch. Next to Android, iOS is currently the closest competitor

in market share for the mobile OS space. As of May 2012, Android held 50.9 percent of

subscribers as opposed to the iOS platform at 31.9 percent. It is important to note that iOS

was originally called iPhone OS, based on its primary launch device, the iPhone.

Overview

Unlike Android, iOS has been a closed source since its inception and has been released

on a limited number of platforms. Each new version of iOS includes new iOS devices

developed and manufactured primarily by Apple. iOS is based loosely on OS X, Apple’s

desktop operating system, which in turn is partially based on the UNIX operating system.

(OSX and Linux, and therefore iOS and Android, share a common developmental

ancestor in BSD Unix, an open-source UNIX operating system variant developed and

released by the University of California, Berkeley).

Applications

iOS comes with various system applications such as basic phone operations, a web

browser (Safari), a media player, and an e-mail client. iOS is also capable of running a

wide array of third-party applications created by developers using Apple’s iOS Software

Development Kit (SDK). Applications have access to all of the devices peripherals,

which typically include various cameras, accelerometers to detect device movement, a

microphone, onboard graphics chips for hardware acceleration, and a touch screen.

There are some significant differences in the supply of third-party applications for

the Android OS. In order to develop applications for iOS devices, you are required to

purchase a developer’s license for the SDK. Applications for iOS devices are typically

written in Objective-C and typically developed in Xcode, a development environment

for OS X platforms. Furthermore, applications created using the SDK are screened

and validated by Apple before being sold on iOS’s market. This allows Apple to stop

developers from releasing applications that could potentially hurt its user base, such as

malware or information stealers.

There have been situations where Apple stopped valid applications from being

released. In one case, a third-party application used the device’s volume buttons as an

alternative to pressing the onscreen button to take a photo with the camera. After realizing

this, Apple removed the application from the App Store, claiming that this feature was a

“violation of Apple’s policies.” The third-party company removed this feature, and Apple

eventually released an update to its onboard camera that included this feature.

Platforms

Devices that run iOS are developed and sold through Apple, and for this reason there is very

little variation. Although this may seem limiting, the lack of diversity of hardware enables

applications to be standardized. For example, since there are only a few possible screen

CHAPTER 2 ■ THE MobilE DEviCE AnD oPERATing SySTEM lAnDSCAPE

sizes and graphics hardware, application developers only have to deal with a few different

situations. iOS is featured on three main platforms—iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch.

• iPhone—The iPhone is Apple’s version of a smartphone,

originally released in January of 2007. Each new version of the

iPhone includes incremental updates to the iOS as well as new

major features. The iPhone features a pocket-sized device, a

multitouch screen, a camera in the back (and on the front in

newer versions), and a microphone for audio.

• iPad—Released in April of 2010, the iPad is a tablet computer

created and sold by Apple. It’s about the size of a standard

magazine. The iPad features a much larger screen than the

iPhone, as well as some upgraded hardware. Each generation of

the iPad has added significant hardware upgrades as well as new

features. The iPad runs the same applications as the iPhone and

the iPod Touch; however, applications can be created specifically

for the iPad when desired.

• iPod Touch—Similar to the iPhone in almost every way, the first

generation of iPod Touch hit consumers’ fingers in September

of 2007. The primary difference between the iPod Touch and the

iPhone is the lack of cellular communications on the iPod Touch.

Most applications created for the iPhone run on the iPod Touch

with little to no code modifications on the developer’s side. The

iPod Touch offers an option to play with the iOS without having

to pay the subscription fee of iPhone’s cellular plan, or the added

cost of the iPad.

BlackBerry

Sometimes referred to as the original smartphone, the BlackBerry was introduced in

2003. BlackBerry as of Q3 2013 held three percent of the mobile smartphone market

share. The original BlackBerry featured a small color screen, a full QWERTY keyboard, a

trackball, and a camera. Similar to Apple’s practice, BlackBerry devices are developed and

manufactured in-house by Research in Motion (RIM), which was renamed BlackBerry in

early 2013. The original marketing goal of BlackBerry was to create devices for the average

businessperson. This focus included the ability to check e-mails, access the Internet, and

set up meetings easily and efficiently.

Windows Phone

Developed by Microsoft as the successor to Windows Mobile, Windows Phone is the

fourth major competitor in the mobile operating system space. Windows Phones hit the

consumer market in November of 2010, and unlike Windows Mobile, were aimed away

from the enterprise markets. As of Q3 2013, Windows Phone and Windows Mobile held

two percent of the mobile market share. Windows Phone has a much different layout than

the traditional smartphone user interface. Microsoft has placed a lot of focus on ease of

use, and connectivity with existing Windows services, such as Windows Live.

CHAPTER 2 ■ THE MobilE DEviCE AnD oPERATing SySTEM lAnDSCAPE

Symbian

Previously called Symbian OS, Symbian was developed by Accenture, one of the largest

consulting and technology services firms in the world, for Nokia. As of May 2012,

Symbian has dropped to 1.1 percent, from a massive 47 percent in February of 2009.

Symbian features include various applications, multitouch screen, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and

multitasking capabilities.

MeeGo

In February of 2010, Intel and Nokia at Mobile World Congress announced their latest

adventure, MeeGo. MeeGo is a Linux-based, open source operating system targeted at a

wide range of mobile devices. MeeGo was designed to run on lower performance devices

such as netbooks, tablets, in-vehicle infotainment devices, smart TVs, and various other

embedded systems. MeeGo featured a user interface very similar to Android with an

assortment of applications. In September of 2011, the MeeGo project was canceled and

the Intel team brought their experience and skills to Tizen, a new joint project between

Intel and Samsung.

Before Android

It may seem like an eternity since Android-enabled devices have been out in the world

and in our pockets. There was, however, extensive footwork and several predecessors that

lead to the creation and innovation that is Android. Although there was nothing quite like

Android prior to its existence, there are obvious inspirations for its common and sought-

after features.

Smartphone History

In the days before Open Handset Alliance mobile devices, the software that ran on them

was developed specifically for every new phone. Some of the decisions that were made

for the Android OS trace back to the phones of the early 21st Century.

Simon Personal Communicator

Many credit IBM and BellSouth’s Simon Personal Communicator (1994) with being the

first smartphone. Simon combined many of the features of personal digital assistants

(PDAs) with the features of existing cellular devices. In addition to being able to do

cellular communication, Simon had a touch screen and various applications such as a

calendar, games, a notepad, a calculator, and a touch-screen keyboard. Simon jump-

started the smartphone market during a computer trade show in Las Vegas where the

Simon prototype unit received notable interest. The Simon prototype was so popular it was

featured on the front page of USA Today’s Money section the day after the trade show.

CHAPTER 2 ■ THE MobilE DEviCE AnD oPERATing SySTEM lAnDSCAPE

Nokia 9000 (Nokia Communicator)

Similar in many ways to Simon, the Nokia 9000 introduced in 1996 continued the vision

and direction of the smartphone. The Nokia 9000 featured a twofold approach—it

looked like a bulky phone when closed, and revealed a full QWERTY keyboard and a

larger horizontal screen when opened. Like Simon, the Nokia 9000 featured various

applications that allowed for functionality beyond a regular cellular device.

Kyocera 6035

Released five years later in 2001, the Kyocera 6035 looked much more like the

modern-day smartphone. When closed, the Kyocera had physical buttons for use as a dial

pad. When opened, it had a much larger vertical screen that contained various applications

and tools. The Kyocera featured Palm OS, which enabled e-mail and web browsing.

BlackBerry 5810

The first BlackBerry phone released by Research In Motion (RIM) was the BlackBerry

5810 (2002). It featured a look that has stayed with BlackBerry to this day. Optimized

for e-mail and business use, the BlackBerry 5810 was marketed toward business

professionals. Features included a large touch screen, a full QWERTY keyboard, and an

internal antenna.

The Mobile Market: Success and Failure

In any developing market, new ideas and innovations can generate significant interest

or turn consumers off entirely. The mobile space is no exception. Although many mobile

devices have sold very well, just as many have lost significant amounts of money. This

section highlights some of the more recent successful and unsuccessful mobile devices to

hit commercial markets.

Motorola i1

The Motorola i1, released in June of 2010, is an example of a less-than-successful mobile

device. Although it was released on Boost Mobile with no contract necessary, the i1 only

managed to run Android OS v1.5 (Cupcake) and could handle only 2G data speeds. In

comparison to Motorola’s other devices of 2010, namely the Droid X, the i1 sold poorly.

Droid X

Released in July of 2010, the Droid X is far from a failure. The Droid X features Android

OS v2.1–2.3, a 4.3-inch multitouch screen, and 8GB of internal flash memory. With the

imminent release of the iPhone 4, Motorola took an aggressive marketing campaign with

the Droid X, announcing the device exactly one day before the iPhone 4 hit stores. It

appears to have paid off, because the Droid X sold out online and in many retail locations.

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