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首页优化Intel架构:Android on X86开发全攻略
优化Intel架构:Android on X86开发全攻略
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"《Android on X86:针对Intel架构优化的全面指南》是一本专为专业开发者编写的书籍,着重于在基于X86处理器的设备上开发和优化Android应用。本书旨在阐述将应用程序适配Intel x86架构的重要性,包括商业潜力、Android市场动态以及这种架构带来的特殊挑战和机遇。作者强调,虽然将现有应用扩展到支持x86或创建新应用并非困难,但了解相关的技术细节至关重要。 该书的核心内容分为两个部分。首先,它探讨了为何选择x86架构,解释了适应这一平台对于开发者和企业的意义。通过深入讨论商业策略和市场趋势,读者能够理解在x86设备上开发的机遇与挑战,以及如何制定有效的战略。 其次,本书是关于x86 Android设备开发中的具体实践和最佳操作手册。它涵盖了安装问题、硬件优化、软件需求、编程任务以及性能优化等关键领域。书中特别关注的是原生代码编写和硬件加速技术,帮助开发者掌握如何最大限度地利用x86平台的优势,提高应用程序的运行效率和用户体验。 对于那些寻求在快速发展的Android生态系统中保持竞争力的开发者来说,这是一本不可或缺的参考资料。无论你是初级还是高级开发者,都可以通过阅读本书深入了解和掌握针对X86处理器进行Android应用开发的各个方面,从而提升开发效率和应用质量。"
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9
Chapter 2
The Mobile Device and
Operating System Landscape
50 billion connected devices by 2020.
—Ericsson, 2010
Networked computers. Connected devices. Mobile devices. Machine-to-machine
(M2M). On-the-Go (OTG). Portable computing. Smart services. The list goes on and on.
The terminology used to describe machines that send data to other machines seems to
change every day. With all of these different types of devices that are seemingly similar,
it’s easy to confuse them.
Android is certainly not the only operating system used on devices in today’s markets.
Various mobile operating systems have existed, and many are still in competition with
Android. Although the focus of this book is on the Android market, an understanding
of the competition—iOS, Windows Phone, and so on—is important for any successful
business venture and is therefore the focus of this chapter. This is best put into words by
the famous Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his The Art of War: “If you know the
enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles.”
Competition in the Mobile Space
The Android operating system is a very popular choice among consumers in the current
commercial market. Over 250 million Android devices are in use today. But Android is
not the only choice, nor was it the first mobile operating system implemented. There
are several additional mobile operating systems, including iOS from Apple, MeeGo from
Intel and Nokia, Windows Phone from Microsoft, and so on. There are many differences
in the implementation of these operating systems and many diverse reasons that these
platforms are used. This section provides a light overview of these other mobile operating
systems, by discussing their strengths and weaknesses.
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CHAPTER 2 ■ THE MobilE DEviCE AnD oPERATing SySTEM lAnDSCAPE
10
iOS
Developed and distributed by Apple, Inc., iOS was originally released in 2007 on the
original iPhone and iPod Touch. Next to Android, iOS is currently the closest competitor
in market share for the mobile OS space. As of May 2012, Android held 50.9 percent of
subscribers as opposed to the iOS platform at 31.9 percent. It is important to note that iOS
was originally called iPhone OS, based on its primary launch device, the iPhone.
Overview
Unlike Android, iOS has been a closed source since its inception and has been released
on a limited number of platforms. Each new version of iOS includes new iOS devices
developed and manufactured primarily by Apple. iOS is based loosely on OS X, Apple’s
desktop operating system, which in turn is partially based on the UNIX operating system.
(OSX and Linux, and therefore iOS and Android, share a common developmental
ancestor in BSD Unix, an open-source UNIX operating system variant developed and
released by the University of California, Berkeley).
Applications
iOS comes with various system applications such as basic phone operations, a web
browser (Safari), a media player, and an e-mail client. iOS is also capable of running a
wide array of third-party applications created by developers using Apple’s iOS Software
Development Kit (SDK). Applications have access to all of the devices peripherals,
which typically include various cameras, accelerometers to detect device movement, a
microphone, onboard graphics chips for hardware acceleration, and a touch screen.
There are some significant differences in the supply of third-party applications for
the Android OS. In order to develop applications for iOS devices, you are required to
purchase a developer’s license for the SDK. Applications for iOS devices are typically
written in Objective-C and typically developed in Xcode, a development environment
for OS X platforms. Furthermore, applications created using the SDK are screened
and validated by Apple before being sold on iOS’s market. This allows Apple to stop
developers from releasing applications that could potentially hurt its user base, such as
malware or information stealers.
There have been situations where Apple stopped valid applications from being
released. In one case, a third-party application used the device’s volume buttons as an
alternative to pressing the onscreen button to take a photo with the camera. After realizing
this, Apple removed the application from the App Store, claiming that this feature was a
“violation of Apple’s policies.” The third-party company removed this feature, and Apple
eventually released an update to its onboard camera that included this feature.
Platforms
Devices that run iOS are developed and sold through Apple, and for this reason there is very
little variation. Although this may seem limiting, the lack of diversity of hardware enables
applications to be standardized. For example, since there are only a few possible screen
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CHAPTER 2 ■ THE MobilE DEviCE AnD oPERATing SySTEM lAnDSCAPE
11
sizes and graphics hardware, application developers only have to deal with a few different
situations. iOS is featured on three main platforms—iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch.
• iPhone—The iPhone is Apple’s version of a smartphone,
originally released in January of 2007. Each new version of the
iPhone includes incremental updates to the iOS as well as new
major features. The iPhone features a pocket-sized device, a
multitouch screen, a camera in the back (and on the front in
newer versions), and a microphone for audio.
• iPad—Released in April of 2010, the iPad is a tablet computer
created and sold by Apple. It’s about the size of a standard
magazine. The iPad features a much larger screen than the
iPhone, as well as some upgraded hardware. Each generation of
the iPad has added significant hardware upgrades as well as new
features. The iPad runs the same applications as the iPhone and
the iPod Touch; however, applications can be created specifically
for the iPad when desired.
• iPod Touch—Similar to the iPhone in almost every way, the first
generation of iPod Touch hit consumers’ fingers in September
of 2007. The primary difference between the iPod Touch and the
iPhone is the lack of cellular communications on the iPod Touch.
Most applications created for the iPhone run on the iPod Touch
with little to no code modifications on the developer’s side. The
iPod Touch offers an option to play with the iOS without having
to pay the subscription fee of iPhone’s cellular plan, or the added
cost of the iPad.
BlackBerry
Sometimes referred to as the original smartphone, the BlackBerry was introduced in
2003. BlackBerry as of Q3 2013 held three percent of the mobile smartphone market
share. The original BlackBerry featured a small color screen, a full QWERTY keyboard, a
trackball, and a camera. Similar to Apple’s practice, BlackBerry devices are developed and
manufactured in-house by Research in Motion (RIM), which was renamed BlackBerry in
early 2013. The original marketing goal of BlackBerry was to create devices for the average
businessperson. This focus included the ability to check e-mails, access the Internet, and
set up meetings easily and efficiently.
Windows Phone
Developed by Microsoft as the successor to Windows Mobile, Windows Phone is the
fourth major competitor in the mobile operating system space. Windows Phones hit the
consumer market in November of 2010, and unlike Windows Mobile, were aimed away
from the enterprise markets. As of Q3 2013, Windows Phone and Windows Mobile held
two percent of the mobile market share. Windows Phone has a much different layout than
the traditional smartphone user interface. Microsoft has placed a lot of focus on ease of
use, and connectivity with existing Windows services, such as Windows Live.
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CHAPTER 2 ■ THE MobilE DEviCE AnD oPERATing SySTEM lAnDSCAPE
12
Symbian
Previously called Symbian OS, Symbian was developed by Accenture, one of the largest
consulting and technology services firms in the world, for Nokia. As of May 2012,
Symbian has dropped to 1.1 percent, from a massive 47 percent in February of 2009.
Symbian features include various applications, multitouch screen, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and
multitasking capabilities.
MeeGo
In February of 2010, Intel and Nokia at Mobile World Congress announced their latest
adventure, MeeGo. MeeGo is a Linux-based, open source operating system targeted at a
wide range of mobile devices. MeeGo was designed to run on lower performance devices
such as netbooks, tablets, in-vehicle infotainment devices, smart TVs, and various other
embedded systems. MeeGo featured a user interface very similar to Android with an
assortment of applications. In September of 2011, the MeeGo project was canceled and
the Intel team brought their experience and skills to Tizen, a new joint project between
Intel and Samsung.
Before Android
It may seem like an eternity since Android-enabled devices have been out in the world
and in our pockets. There was, however, extensive footwork and several predecessors that
lead to the creation and innovation that is Android. Although there was nothing quite like
Android prior to its existence, there are obvious inspirations for its common and sought-
after features.
Smartphone History
In the days before Open Handset Alliance mobile devices, the software that ran on them
was developed specifically for every new phone. Some of the decisions that were made
for the Android OS trace back to the phones of the early 21st Century.
Simon Personal Communicator
Many credit IBM and BellSouth’s Simon Personal Communicator (1994) with being the
first smartphone. Simon combined many of the features of personal digital assistants
(PDAs) with the features of existing cellular devices. In addition to being able to do
cellular communication, Simon had a touch screen and various applications such as a
calendar, games, a notepad, a calculator, and a touch-screen keyboard. Simon jump-
started the smartphone market during a computer trade show in Las Vegas where the
Simon prototype unit received notable interest. The Simon prototype was so popular it was
featured on the front page of USA Today’s Money section the day after the trade show.
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CHAPTER 2 ■ THE MobilE DEviCE AnD oPERATing SySTEM lAnDSCAPE
13
Nokia 9000 (Nokia Communicator)
Similar in many ways to Simon, the Nokia 9000 introduced in 1996 continued the vision
and direction of the smartphone. The Nokia 9000 featured a twofold approach—it
looked like a bulky phone when closed, and revealed a full QWERTY keyboard and a
larger horizontal screen when opened. Like Simon, the Nokia 9000 featured various
applications that allowed for functionality beyond a regular cellular device.
Kyocera 6035
Released five years later in 2001, the Kyocera 6035 looked much more like the
modern-day smartphone. When closed, the Kyocera had physical buttons for use as a dial
pad. When opened, it had a much larger vertical screen that contained various applications
and tools. The Kyocera featured Palm OS, which enabled e-mail and web browsing.
BlackBerry 5810
The first BlackBerry phone released by Research In Motion (RIM) was the BlackBerry
5810 (2002). It featured a look that has stayed with BlackBerry to this day. Optimized
for e-mail and business use, the BlackBerry 5810 was marketed toward business
professionals. Features included a large touch screen, a full QWERTY keyboard, and an
internal antenna.
The Mobile Market: Success and Failure
In any developing market, new ideas and innovations can generate significant interest
or turn consumers off entirely. The mobile space is no exception. Although many mobile
devices have sold very well, just as many have lost significant amounts of money. This
section highlights some of the more recent successful and unsuccessful mobile devices to
hit commercial markets.
Motorola i1
The Motorola i1, released in June of 2010, is an example of a less-than-successful mobile
device. Although it was released on Boost Mobile with no contract necessary, the i1 only
managed to run Android OS v1.5 (Cupcake) and could handle only 2G data speeds. In
comparison to Motorola’s other devices of 2010, namely the Droid X, the i1 sold poorly.
Droid X
Released in July of 2010, the Droid X is far from a failure. The Droid X features Android
OS v2.1–2.3, a 4.3-inch multitouch screen, and 8GB of internal flash memory. With the
imminent release of the iPhone 4, Motorola took an aggressive marketing campaign with
the Droid X, announcing the device exactly one day before the iPhone 4 hit stores. It
appears to have paid off, because the Droid X sold out online and in many retail locations.
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