互联网驱动下，第五版《分布式系统：概念与设计》深度解析

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《分布式系统：概念与设计第五版》是一本深度探讨分布式系统理论和实践的经典教材，由乔治·库卢里斯、剑桥大学的学者以及来自伦敦玛丽女王大学和兰开斯特大学的专家共同编撰。本书适逢互联网和Web技术蓬勃发展，对社会各领域产生了深远影响。在第五版中，作者们强调了这些技术革新对诸如金融、商业、艺术娱乐等领域的影响，以及信息社会的兴起。现代应用对分布式系统的基础设施提出了极高的需求，例如搜索引擎和多人在线游戏等高负载、大规模的系统。章节中特别关注了分布式系统基础设施的新趋势，包括网络技术的多样性（无线网络的重要性日益增强）、移动和无所不在计算元素的自然融入。这些发展要求底层系统能够支持更为广泛的应用和服务，应对日益增长的工作负载和系统规模。书中涵盖了分布式系统的基本概念，如分布式计算、一致性模型、网络协议、分布式数据管理和安全性等方面，旨在帮助读者理解和设计高效、可靠的分布式系统架构。此外，第五版还特别介绍了编辑团队的专业背景，包括Marcia Horton作为编辑总监，Michael Hirsch担任主编，Matt Goldstein负责执行编辑，以及Chelsea Bell等团队成员，确保了内容的质量和更新。书中的设计部分包含了艺术指导、封面设计者以及印刷和制作方面的专业人员，体现了教材的专业性和严谨性。《分布式系统：概念与设计第五版》是一本紧跟时代步伐，全面且深入研究分布式系统核心原理和技术的权威著作，对于计算机科学专业人士、系统工程师以及对分布式系统感兴趣的读者来说，是不可多得的学习和参考资源。通过阅读和理解这本书，读者将能掌握如何构建、管理以及优化能满足现代社会高要求的分布式系统。

XIV PREFACE

only on the Web. They can be looked up in the reference list at the end of the book, but

the full URLs are given only in an online version of the reference list at the book’s web

site, www.cdk5.net/refs

where they take the form of clickable links. Both versions of the

reference list include a more detailed explanation of this scheme.

Changes relative to the fourth edition

Before embarking on the writing of this new edition, we carried out a survey of teachers

who used the fourth edition. From the results, we identified the new material required

and a number of changes to be made. In addition, we recognized the increasing diversity

of distributed systems, particularly in terms of the range of architectural approaches

available to distributed systems developers today. This required significant changes to

the book, especially in the earlier (foundational) chapters.

Overall, this led to our writing three entirely new chapters, making substantial

changes to a number of other chapters and making numerous insertions throughout the

book to fold in new material. Many of the chapters have been changed to reflect new

information that has become available about the systems described. These changes are

summarized in the table below. To help teachers who have used the fourth edition,

wherever possible we have preserved the structure adopted from the previous edition.

Where material has been removed, we have placed this on our companion web site

together with material removed from previous editions. This includes the case studies

on ATM, interprocess communication in UNIX, CORBA (a shortened version of which

remains in Chapter 8), the Jini distributed events specification and Grid middleware

(featuring OGSA and the Globus toolkit), as well as the chapter on distributed shared

memory (a brief summary of which is now included in Chapter 6).

Some of the chapters in the book, such as the new chapter on indirect

communication (Chapter 6), cover a lot of material. Teachers may elect to cover the

broad spectrum before choosing two or three techniques to examine in more detail (for

example, group communication, given its foundational role, and publish-subscribe or

message queues, given their prevalence in commercial distributed systems).

The chapter ordering has been changed to accommodate the new material and to

reflect changes in the relative importance of certain topics. For a full understanding of

some topics readers may find it necessary to follow a forward reference. For example,

there is material in Chapter 9 on XML security techniques that will make better sense

once the sections that it references in Chapter 11 Security have been absorbed.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the following teachers who participated in our survey: Guohong

Cao, Jose Fortes, Bahram Khalili, George Blank, Jinsong Ouyang, JoAnne Holliday,

George K. Thiruvathukal, Joel Wein, Tao Xie and Xiaobo Zhou.

We would like to thank the following people who reviewed the new chapters or

provided other substantial help: Rob Allen, Roberto Baldoni, John Bates, Tom Berson,

Lynne Blair, Geoff Coulson, Paul Grace, Andrew Herbert, David Hutchison, Laurent

Mathy, Rajiv Ramdhany, Richard Sharp, Jean-Bernard Stefani, Rip Sohan, Francois

XVI PREFACE

Taiani, Peter Triantafillou, Gareth Tyson and the late Sir Maurice Wilkes. We would

also like to thank the staff at Google who provided insights into the design rationale for

Google Infrastructure, namely: Mike Burrows, Tushar Chandra, Walfredo Cirne, Jeff

Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, Andrea Kirmse and John Reumann.

Our copy editor, Rachel Head also provided outstanding support.

Web site

As before, we continue to maintain a web site with a wide range of material designed to

assist teachers and readers. This web site can be accessed via the URL:

www.cdk5.net

The web site includes:

Instructor’s Guide: We provide supporting material for teachers comprising:

• complete artwork of the book available as PowerPoint files;

• chapter-by-chapter teaching hints;

• solutions to the exercises, protected by a password available only to teachers.

Reference list: The list of references that can be found at the end of the book is replicated

at the web site. The web version of the reference list includes active links for material

that is available online.

Errata list: A list of known errors in the book is maintained, with corrections. The errors

will be corrected when new impressions are printed and a separate errata list will be

provided for each impression. (Readers are encouraged to report any apparent errors

they encounter to the email address below.)

Supplementary material: We maintain a set of supplementary material for each chapter.

This consists of source code for the programs in the book and relevant reading material

that was present in previous editions of the book but was removed for reasons of space.

References to this supplementary material appear in the book with links such as

www.cdk5.net/ipc

(the URL for supplementary material relating to the Interprocess

Communication chapter). Two entire chapters from the 4th edition are not present in this

one; they can be accessed at the URLs:

CORBA Case Study www.cdk5.net/corba

Distributed Shared Memory www.cdk5.net/dsm

George Coulouris

Jean Dollimore

Tim Kindberg

Gordon Blair

London, Bristol and Lancaster, 2011

authors@cdk5.net

2 CHAPTER 1 CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

1.1 Introduction

Networks of computers are everywhere. The Internet is one, as are the many networks

of which it is composed. Mobile phone networks, corporate networks, factory networks,

campus networks, home networks, in-car networks – all of these, both separately and in

combination, share the essential characteristics that make them relevant subjects for

study under the heading distributed systems. In this book we aim to explain the

characteristics of networked computers that impact system designers and implementors

and to present the main concepts and techniques that have been developed to help in the

tasks of designing and implementing systems that are based on them.

We define a distributed system as one in which hardware or software components

located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions only by

passing messages. This simple definition covers the entire range of systems in which

networked computers can usefully be deployed.

Computers that are connected by a network may be spatially separated by any

distance. They may be on separate continents, in the same building or in the same room.

Our definition of distributed systems has the following significant consequences:

Concurrency: In a network of computers, concurrent program execution is the norm.

I can do my work on my computer while you do your work on yours, sharing

resources such as web pages or files when necessary. The capacity of the system to

handle shared resources can be increased by adding more resources (for example.

computers) to the network. We will describe ways in which this extra capacity can be

usefully deployed at many points in this book. The coordination of concurrently

executing programs that share resources is also an important and recurring topic.

No global clock: When programs need to cooperate they coordinate their actions by

exchanging messages. Close coordination often depends on a shared idea of the time

at which the programs’ actions occur. But it turns out that there are limits to the

accuracy with which the computers in a network can synchronize their clocks – there

is no single global notion of the correct time. This is a direct consequence of the fact

that the only communication is by sending messages through a network. Examples of

these timing problems and solutions to them will be described in Chapter 14.

Independent failures: All computer systems can fail, and it is the responsibility of

system designers to plan for the consequences of possible failures. Distributed systems

can fail in new ways. Faults in the network result in the isolation of the computers that

are connected to it, but that doesn’t mean that they stop running. In fact, the programs

on them may not be able to detect whether the network has failed or has become

unusually slow. Similarly, the failure of a computer, or the unexpected termination of

a program somewhere in the system (a crash), is not immediately made known to the

other components with which it communicates. Each component of the system can fail

independently, leaving the others still running. The consequences of this characteristic

of distributed systems will be a recurring theme throughout the book.

The prime motivation for constructing and using distributed systems stems from a desire

to share resources. The term ‘resource’ is a rather abstract one, but it best characterizes

the range of things that can usefully be shared in a networked computer system. It

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