H264中文协议解析：JVT-G050d35

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"H264中文协议(中英文对照)H264解码手册.pdf" H264，也称为MPEG-4 Part 10或Advanced Video Coding（高级视频编码），是一种高效的视频压缩标准，广泛应用于数字电视、网络视频流、DVD等场景。这份文档是H264解码手册的中文版，包含中英文对照，便于理解和学习。它由Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG（国际标准化组织/国际电工委员会动态图像专家组与国际电联电信标准部门视频编码专家组的联合视频团队）编纂，旨在为解码和实现H264编码的视频提供详细指导。文档中的内容可能包括以下几个核心部分： 1. **协议概述**：H264协议的概述，解释了其在视频编码领域的地位和重要性，以及相对于其他编码标准的优势，如更高的压缩效率和更好的画质。 2. **编码结构**：详细介绍了H264的编码层次结构，包括NAL单元（Network Abstraction Layer units）、宏块、切片等基本单元，以及它们在视频编码过程中的作用。 3. **熵编码**：涵盖了熵编码技术，如 CABAC (Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding) 和 CAVLC (Context-Adaptive Variable Length Coding)，这是H264中用于高效传输和存储编码数据的方法。 4. **运动估计与补偿**：讲述了H264如何通过运动估计找到最佳匹配块来减少视频帧之间的冗余信息，以及运动补偿如何帮助构建预测帧。 5. **帧内和帧间预测**：详细解析了帧内预测（Intra prediction）和帧间预测（Inter prediction）的机制，这些是H264提高压缩效率的关键技术。 6. **变换与量化**：介绍离散余弦变换（DCT）和量化过程，这是将空间域的像素信息转换到频率域并进行压缩的关键步骤。 7. **逆量化与重建**：描述了如何通过逆量化和图像重建过程恢复原始视频信号，以形成解码后的视频帧。 8. **错误恢复与网络适应**：讨论了如何处理网络丢包或错误，确保视频流的连续性和稳定性，例如使用错误隐藏策略和恢复点。 9. **工具集**：列举了H264协议中的一系列高级编码工具，如多参考帧、自适应帧率控制、自适应循环滤波等，这些都是提升编码质量和适应不同应用场景的关键。 10. **解码流程**：提供了解码器如何按照标准处理编码数据的步骤，包括NAL单元解析、熵解码、运动补偿、逆变换等。这份文档对理解H264编码原理、开发解码器或优化视频流传输具有重要的参考价值。通过深入学习，读者可以掌握如何利用H264技术有效地压缩和传输高质量视频。

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二进制位：一个二进制串中的一个比特位。

3.8 binarization: The set of intermediate binary representations of all possible values of a syntax element.

二值化：一个语法元素的所有可能值的中间二进制表示集。

3.9 binarization process: A unique mapping process of possible values of a syntax element onto a set of bin

strings.

二值化过程：一个语法的可能值到二进制串集中的唯一映射过程。

3.10 bin string: A string of bins. A bit string is an intermediate binary representation of values of syntax elements.

二进制串：一个二进制位的串，一个比特串是语法元素值的中间二进制表示。

3.11 bi-predictive slice: See B slice.

双向预测 slice：见 B slice

3.12 bitstream: A sequence of bits that forms the representation of coded pictures and associated data forming one

or more coded video sequence. Bitstream is a collective term used to refer either to a NAL unit stream or a

byte stream.

比特流：一个组成编码图像表示和组成一个或多个编码视频序列的相关数据的比特序列。比特流是一

个表示 NAL 单元流或者字节流的统称术语。

3.13 block: An MxN (M-column by N-row) array of samples, or an MxN array of transform coefficients.

Block：一个 MxN的象素数组（M列，N行），或者一个 MxN 变换系数数组。

3.14 bottom field: One of two fields that comprise a frame. Each row of a bottom field is spatially located

immediately below a corresponding row of a top field.

底场：组成一帧的两场中的一场。底场中的每一行位于顶场中对应行的下边。

3.15 bottom macroblock (of a macroblock pair): The macroblock within a macroblock pair that contains the

samples in the bottom row of samples for the macroblock pair. For a field macroblock pair, the bottom

macroblock represents the samples from the region of the bottom field of the frame that lie within the spatial

region of the macroblock pair. For a frame macroblock pair, the bottom macroblock represents the samples of

the frame that lie within the bottom half of the spatial region of the macroblock pair.

底场宏块（宏块对中）：在宏块对中，含有底行象素的宏块。对于一个场宏块对来说，底场宏块表示

图像帧中位于宏块对位置区域的底场部分的象素。对于一个帧宏块对来说，底场宏块表示了图像帧中

位于宏块对位置区域的下面一个宏块部分的象素。

3.16 broken link: A location in a bitstream at which it is indicated that some subsequent pictures in decoding order

may contain serious visual artefacts due to unspecified operations performed in the generation of the bitstream.

中止连接：表示码流中的一个位置，按照解码顺序，从这个位置开始接下来的一些图像由于在产生码

流时的不可知的操作有严重的视觉变形。（？？？？）

3.17 byte: A sequence of 8 bits, written and read with the most significant bit on the left and the least significant bit

on the right. When represented in a sequence of data bits, the most significant bit of a byte is first.

字节：一个 8 比特的序列，从左边最重要的比特位开始向右边最不重要的比特位进行读和写操作。当

出现数据比特序列时，首先出现字节中最重要的比特位。

3.18 byte-aligned: A bit in a bitstream is byte-aligned when its position is a multiple of 8 bits from the first bit in

the bitstream.

字节对齐：在码流中从第一个比特开始每 8 个比特整数倍的位置是字节对齐的位置，那个位置的比特

称为字节对齐比特。

3.19 byte stream: An encapsulation of a NAL unit stream containing start code prefixes and NAL units as specified

in Annex B.

字节流：一个 NAL 单元的封装，包含有前缀开始码和 NAL 单元。见附录 B 所示。

3.20 category: A number associated with each syntax element. The category is used to specify the allocation of

syntax elements to NAL units for slice data partitioning. It may also be used in a manner determined by the

DRAFT ISO/IEC 14496-10 : 2002 (E)

DRAFT ITU-T Rec. H.264 (2002 E) 沈燕飞译 0 . 5 版 3

application to refer to classes of syntax elements in a manner not specified in this

Recommendation | International Standard.

类别：和每个语法元素相关联的一个数，类别被用来说明 slice 数据分割中语法元素到 NAL 单元的分

配过程。它也可以使用本协议中没有说明的语法元素分类方法，而是根据具体的应用来分类。

3.21 chroma: An adjective specifying that a sample array or single sample is representing one of the two colour

difference signals related to the primary colours. The symbols used for a chroma array or sample are Cb and

Cr.

色差：与一个基色相关的色差信号，用于对一个象素数组或者一个象素的辅助说明。表示色差数组或

者色差象素的符号是：Cb 和 Cr

NOTE - The term chroma is used rather than the term chrominance in order to avoid the implication of the use of linear

light transfer characteristics that is often associated with the term chrominance.

3.22 coded field: A coded representation of a field.

编码场：一个场的编码表示

3.23 coded frame: A coded representation of a frame.

编码帧：一帧图像的编码表示

3.24 coded picture: A coded representation of a picture. A coded picture may be either a coded field or a coded

frame. Coded picture is a collective term referring to a primary coded picture or a redundant coded picture, but

not to both together.

编码图像：一个图像的编码表示。一个编码图像可能是一个编码场，也可能是一个编码帧。编码图像

是基本编码图像或者冗余编码图像的统称，但是同时不能表示两者。

3.25 coded picture buffer (CPB): A first-in first-out buffer containing access units in decoding order specified in

the hypothetical reference decoder in Annex C.

编码图像缓冲区：一个先进先出的缓冲区，该缓冲区中含有按照假设参考解码中说明的解码顺序排列

的访问单元，如附录 C 所示。

3.26 coded representation: A data element as represented in its coded form.

编码表示：按照编码形式表示的数据元素。

3.27 coded video sequence: A sequence of access units that consists, in decoding order, of an IDR access unit

followed zero or more non-IDR access units including all subsequent access units up to but not including any

subsequent IDR access unit.

编码视频序列：一个访问单元的序列，按照解码顺序，由一个 IDR 访问单元和后面接着的零个或者多

个非 IDR 访问单元组成，它包括所有接下来的访问单元，一直到但不包括接下来的 IDR 图像。

3.28 component: An array or single sample from one of the three arrays (luma and two chroma) that make up a

field or frame.

分量：一个象素数组或者单个象素，它是组成一帧或一场图像的三个分量中（一个亮度和两个色差）

的一个。

3.29 complementary non-reference field pair: Two non-reference fields that are in consecutive access units in

decoding order as two coded fields of opposite parity where the first field is not already a paired field.

互补的非参考场对：表示两个非参考的相对的场（如一个为顶场，另一个为底场），并且第一个场不

是一个成对的场，按照解码顺序它们被包含在两个连续的访问单元中。（但这两个场不一定有相同的

帧号，即不一定属于同一帧的两个场）

3.30 complementary reference field pair: Two reference fields that are in consecutive access units in decoding

order as two coded fields and share the same value of frame number.

互补的参考场对：两个有相同帧号的参考场，按照解码顺序它们作为两个编码场被包含在连续的访问

单元中。（互补的非参考场对和互补的参考场对的定义的理解？）

3.31

context variable: A variable specified for the adaptive binary arithmetic decoding process of a bin by an

equation containing recently decoded bins.

4 DRAFT ITU-T Rec. H.264 (2002 E) 沈燕飞译 0 . 5 版

上下文变量：一个变量，用于说明使用包含有最近解码比特位的等式进行比特位的自适应二进制算术

解码过程。

3.32 DC transform coefficient: A transform coefficient for which the frequency index is zero in all dimensions.

DC 变换系数：所有频率索引都为零的变换系数。

3.33 decoded picture: A decoded picture is derived by decoding a coded picture. A decoded picture is either a

decoded frame, or a decoded field. A decoded field is either a decoded top field or a decoded bottom field.

解码图像：由解码一个编码图像得到的解码图像。一个解码图像或者是一个解码帧，或者是一个解码

场。一个解码场可以是解码顶场，也可以是解码底场。

3.34 decoded picture buffer (DPB): A buffer holding decoded pictures for reference, output reordering, or output

delay specified for the hypothetical reference decoder in Annex C.

解码图像缓冲：一个缓冲区，用于保存参考，输出重排或者输出显示的解码图像。见附录 C 中假设参

考解码器。

3.35 decoder: An embodiment of a decoding process.

解码器：一个解码过程的具体实现。

3.36 decoding order: The order in which syntax elements are processed by the decoding process.

解码顺序：解码过程中语法元素处理的顺序。

3.37 decoding process: The process specified in this Recommendation | International Standard that reads a

bitstream and produces decoded pictures.

解码过程：本协议中说明的过程，读入码流，输出解码图像。

3.38 direct prediction: An inter prediction for a block for which no motion vector is decoded. Two direct

prediction modes are specified that are referred to as spatial direct prediction and temporal prediction mode.

直接预测：一个块的帧间预测，但是没有解码运动矢量。有两种类型的直接预测模式，分别称为空间

直接预测模式和时间直接预测模式。

3.39 decoder under test (DUT): A decoder that is tested for conformance to this Recommendation | International

Standard by operating the hypothetical stream scheduler to deliver a conforming bitstream to the decoder and

to the hypothetical reference decoder and comparing the values and timing of the output of the two decoders.

测试解码器（DUT）：用于测试和本协议兼容性的一个解码器，通过假设流调度方法给解码器和假设

参考解码器提供兼容的码流，然后比较两个解码器的输出时间和解码值。

3.40 emulation prevention byte: A byte equal to 0x03 that may be present within a NAL unit. The presence of

emulation prevention bytes ensures that no sequence of consecutive byte-aligned bytes in the NAL unit

contains a start code prefix.

预防混淆字节：在 NAL 单元中可能出现的值为 0x03 的字节。预防混淆字节保证了在 NAL 单元中没有

包含前缀开始码的字节对齐的连续字节序列。

3.41 encoder: An embodiment of an encoding process.

编码器：一个编码过程的具体实现。

3.42 encoding process: A process, not specified in this Recommendation | International Standard, that produces a

bitstream conforming to this Recommendation | International Standard.

编码过程：产生和本协议兼容的码流的一个过程，但在本协议中没有具体说明。

3.43 field: An assembly of alternate rows of a frame. A frame is composed of two fields, a top field and a bottom

field.

场：一帧中隔行的集合。一帧由两场组成，包括顶场和底场。

3.44 field macroblock: A macroblock containing samples from a single field. All macroblocks of a coded field are

field macroblocks. When macroblock-adaptive frame/field decoding is in use, some macroblocks of a coded

frame may be field macroblocks.

DRAFT ISO/IEC 14496-10 : 2002 (E)

DRAFT ITU-T Rec. H.264 (2002 E) 沈燕飞译 0 . 5 版 5

场宏块：只包含有属于同一场象素的宏块。一编码场的所有宏块都是场宏块。当使用宏块级的自适应

帧场解码时，一编码帧的一些宏块可能是场宏块。

3.45 field macroblock pair: A macroblock pair decoded as two field macroblocks.

场宏块对：作为两个场宏块解码的宏块对。

3.46 field scan: A specific sequential ordering of transform coefficients that differs from the zig-zag scan by

scanning columns more rapidly than rows. Field scan is used for transform coefficients in field macroblocks.

场扫描：一种变换系数的扫描顺序，和 zig-zag 扫描方式不一样，这种方式扫描列比扫描行快。对于场

宏块的变换系数使用场扫描。

3.47 flag: A variable that can take one of the two possible values 0 and 1.

变量：有两种可能值 0 或1 的一个变量。

3.48 frame: A frame contains an array of luma samples and two corresponding arrays of chroma samples. A frame

consists of two fields, a top field and a bottom field.

帧：含有一个亮度数组和两个对应色差数组的帧。一帧由两场组成：一个顶场和一个底场。

3.49 frame macroblock: A macroblock representing samples from two fields of a coded frame. When macroblock-

adaptive frame/field decoding is not in use, all macroblocks of a coded frame are frame macroblocks. When

macroblock-adaptive frame/field decoding is in use, some macroblocks of a coded frame may be frame

macroblocks.

帧宏块：表示一编码帧中两场象素的一个宏块。当不使用宏块级的帧场自适应解码时，编码帧中的所

有宏块都是帧宏块。当使用宏块级的帧场自适应解码时，那么编码帧中的一些宏块可能是帧宏块。

3.50 frame macroblock pair: A macroblock pair decoded as two frame macroblocks.

帧宏块对：作为两个帧宏块解码的宏块对。

3.51 frequency index: A one-dimensional or two-dimensional index associated with a transform coefficient prior to

an inverse transform part of the decoding process.

频率索引：解码过程中，反变换之前的和一变换系数相关的一维或二维索引。

3.52 hypothetical reference decoder (HRD): A hypothetical decoder model that specifies constraints on the

variability of conforming NAL unit streams or conforming byte streams that an encoding process may produce.

假设参考解码（HRD）：一个假设解码模型，说明了对编码过程产生的 NAL 单元流或字节流的变化

的限制。

3.53

hypothetical stream scheduler (HSS): A hypothetical delivery mechanism for the timing and data flow of the

input of a bitstream into the hypothetical reference decoder. The HSS is used for checking the conformance of

a bitstream or a decoder.

假设流调度方法（HSS）：一种从码流输入的数据流到假设参考解码的假设传输机制。HSS 被用来检

测码流或者解码器的兼容性。

3.54 I slice: A slice that is decoded using prediction only from decoded samples within the same slice.

I slice ：解码过程中，仅仅使用来自相同 slice 中的解码象素进行预测解码的 slice。

3.55 instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) access unit: An access unit in which the primary coded picture is an

IDR picture.

即时解码刷新（IDR）访问单元：基本编码图像是 IDR 图像的访问单元。

3.56 instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture: A coded picture containing only slices with I or SI slice types

that causes the decoding process to mark all reference pictures as "unused for reference" immediately after

decoding the IDR picture. After the decoding of an IDR picture all following coded pictures in decoding order

can be decoded without inter prediction from any picture decoded prior to the IDR picture. The first picture of

each coded video sequence is an IDR picture.

即时解码刷新（IDR）图像：仅仅包含 I 或 SI slice 的编码图像，解完 IDR 图像之后，解码过程立即将

所有的参考图像都标识为“不用作参考”，按照解码顺序，该 IDR 图像之后的编码图像都不使用该

IDR 图像之前的任何一个解码图像作为参考。每一个编码视频序列的第一个图像是 IDR 图像。

6 DRAFT ITU-T Rec. H.264 (2002 E) 沈燕飞译 0 . 5 版

3.57 inter coding: Coding of a block, macroblock, slice, or picture that uses inter prediction.

帧间编码：使用帧间预测编码一个块、宏块、slice 或图像。

3.58 inter prediction: A prediction derived from decoded samples of reference pictures other than the current

decoded picture.

帧间预测：使用参考图像的解码象素而不是当前图像的解码象素进行的预测。

3.59 intra coding: Coding of a block, macroblock, slice, or picture that uses intra prediction.

帧内编码：使用帧内预测编码一个块、宏块、slice 或者图像。

3.60 intra prediction: A prediction derived from the decoded samples of the same decoded slice.

帧内预测：使用来自相同 slice 的解码象素进行的预测。

3.61 intra slice: See I slice.

Intra slice: 见 I slice。

3.62 inverse transform: A part of the decoding process by which a set of transform coefficients are converted into

spatial-domain values, or by which a set of transform coefficients are converted into DC transform coefficients.

反变换：是解码过程的一部分，将变换系数集变换成空域值，或者将变换系数值变换成 DC 变换系

数。

3.63 layer: One of a set of syntactical structures in a non-branching hierarchical relationship. Higher layers contain

lower layers. The coding layers are the coded video sequence, picture, slice, and macroblock layers.

层：是非分枝层状关系中的一个语法结构集，高层包含低层。编码层是编码视频序列、图像、slice 和

宏块层。

3.64 level: A defined set of constraints on the values that may be taken by the syntax elements and variables of this

Recommendation | International Standard. The same set of levels is defined for all profiles, with most aspects

of the definition of each level being in common across different profiles. Individual implementations may,

within specified constraints, support a different level for each supported profile. In a different context, level is

the value of a transform coefficient prior to scaling.

级：对本协议中的语法元素和变量定义的限制集。相同的集是面向所有框架进行定义的，每一个集的

大部分在不同框架之间都是共有的。在说明的限制中，对于每个支持的框架，个别实现也许支持不同

的级。在不同的文中，级也是缩放之前变换系数的值。

3.65

list 0 (list 1) motion vector: A motion vector associated with a reference index pointing into reference picture

list 0 (list 1).

列表 0 （列表 1）运动矢量：和指向参考图像列表 0 （列表1）的一参考图像索引相关的运动矢量。

3.66 list 0 (list 1) prediction: Inter prediction of the content of a slice using a reference index pointing into

reference picture list 0 (list 1).

列表 0 （列表 1）预测：用指向参考图像列表 0（列表 1）的参考索引进行 slice 内容的帧间预测。

3.67 luma: An adjective specifying that a sample array or single sample is representing the monochrome signal

related to the primary colours. The symbol used for luma is Y.

亮度：用来表示和基本色相关的单色信号的单个象素或象素数组。表示亮度的符号是：Y。

NOTE – The term luma is used rather than the term luminance in order to avoid the implication of the use of linear

light transfer characteristics that is often associated with the term luminance.

3.68 macroblock: A 16x16 block of luma samples and two corresponding blocks of chroma samples. The division

of a slice or a macroblock pair into macroblocks is a partitioning.

宏块：一个 16X16 的亮度象素块和两个对应的色差象素块。一个 slice 或者一个宏块对到宏块的分割称

为划分。

3.69 macroblock-adaptive frame/field decoding: A decoding process for coded frames in which some

macroblocks may be decoded as frame macroblocks and others may be decoded as field macroblocks.

宏块自适应帧场解码：指一编码帧的解码过程，其中一些宏块解码成帧宏块，另外一些宏块解码成场

宏块。

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