复杂世界中的三种意义与管理

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"乔丹·B·彼得森关于三种意义与复杂性管理的文章" 乔丹·B·彼得森，一位来自多伦多大学心理学系的学者，探讨了"三种意义形式与复杂性的管理"这一主题。在他的论述中，彼得森挑战了传统心理学模型的一个基本假设，即世界由独立存在的、既定的对象或刺激组成。他认为这种看法是错误的，因为物体的边界或者刺激实际上是情境依赖的，并且由主观决定。彼得森指出，我们的大脑有一半专门用于视觉处理，这意味着我们看到的不只是眼前的事物，而是通过主观构建来理解世界。他引用人工智能工程师在为机器构建感官系统时遇到的"框架问题"进一步强调了感知的复杂性。这个问题涉及到寻找无限的感知表示空间，这比当前心理学的其他任何关注点都要重要得多。我们生活在一个复杂的世界中（彼得森和弗兰德斯，2002年）。我们操作的物体的界限并非由物体自身简单给出，而是可以通过无数种方式被感知。这表明我们的认知过程远比我们通常所认为的更为动态和多元。彼得森可能引用了理查德·梅丁和布鲁斯·艾伦的工作，他们强调了每个对象或情境都可能有无穷无尽的解释方式。在管理复杂性方面，彼得森可能提出了以下观点： 1. 认知框架的主观性：个体如何理解和解释环境取决于他们的认知框架，这些框架是由个人经验、文化背景和心理状态塑造的。 2. 边界不确定性：对象和情境的边界并非固定不变，而是根据情境和观察者的角度发生变化，这在心理学研究中需要被更深入地考虑。 3. 感知的动态性：由于感知的复杂性，我们对世界的理解是不断调整的，这涉及到大脑的动态处理和信息筛选。 4. 框架问题的应用：在人工智能设计中，解决框架问题对于创建能适应复杂环境的智能系统至关重要，这也提示我们人类的认知系统如何处理大量信息并形成有意义的感知。通过对这些概念的深入分析，彼得森可能提供了一种理解和应对复杂性的新视角，这对于心理学、认知科学、人工智能以及更广泛的社会科学领域都有深远的影响。他的工作提醒我们在研究和决策时，应考虑到个人感知和情境对理解世界的重要性。

(2003) describes the relationship between the simplest multi-cellular animal, the

sponge, and the complex thing-in-itself. The sponge lacks a CNS, entirely.

Instead, it is composed of “sensorimotor” cells, arranged in an array, all over its

body. This array maps limited detectible environmental patterns directly on to a

specialized range of motor actions, with no perceptual intermediation. At this

primitive level, it is not objects that evoke responses. Instead, the same cells are

used for detection and output, and one pattern evokes another. The hydra, a stage

above the sponge, possesses a primitive, differentiated CNS, with sensory, neural

and motor cells. Thus, it can detect a wider range of patterns, and map them on to

more actions. Neural cell intermediation provides the precursor to perception, so

that the same “thing” can produce different outputs, but the hydra still essentially

pattern-matches. With such increased flexibility, the hydra appears to have an

advantage over the sponge, but it is handicapped in one manner: speed.

Information moving across more switches means longer reaction time. This

problem becomes acute, as the nervous system increases in complexity.

Conscious human perception can take .5 seconds (Libet, 1999). Sensory systems

therefore retain dual branches: one to the motor system, for reflex-like speed; the

other, to the cortex, for slower elaboration of response (Swanson, 2003). As

behaviour proceeds from reflexive to voluntary, among complex animals, it is

regulated by an increasingly complex control hierarchy (Swanson, 2000). At the

simplest level, somatomotor neuron pools in the spinal cord ventral horn innervate

the musculature of the major limbs. At the next level (the locomotor pattern

generator), operations are are surprisingly sophisticated

although still spinally

A “spinal” animal (one that is classically paralyzed as a consequence of surgical severing of the spinal cord from the

brain) can still manifest coordinated limb movements characteristic of locomotion if suspended above a moving treadmill,

with its limbs in contact with the surface of the treadmill (Swanson, 2000). This means that the spine, in isolation, is

essentially capable of walking if sensory input reminiscent of locomotion is received by the spinal pattern generator.

However, the spinal animal is not capable of any spontaneous or voluntarily-controlled or even complex involuntarily-

controlled motor behavior. Note that what this means, at least from one viewpoint, is that the “representation” of the

treadmill-stimuli is, from the spinal perspective, “move limbs in walking pattern” – without any intermediation of

representation independent of or abstracted from the treadmill. The spinal animal is therefore clearly not using an object-

localized and reflexive. Animals with the brain-body connection severed at a

higher level, midbrain, are still without spontaneous motor behavior. However,

when severely stimulated, they can manifest complex actions, which can be

adapted to new situations (Whalen, 1998). This midbrain region is a locomotor

pattern initiator – a area producing action to more abstract stimuli than those

associated with, for example, a treadmill.

The hypothalamus basically constitutes the next stage of the hierarchy, the

locomotor pattern controller. Its presence in an otherwise decerebrate animal

allows for spontaneous behaviour, of the fundamental, survival-oriented kind:

ingestive, defensive, and reproductive. Hypothalamic animals are hyperactive in

contrast to midbrain animals, who do not eat, drink, or manifest spontaneous

defensive behaviors, and to intact animals, whose behavior is more specifically

regulated.

It is the hypothalamic medial nuclei which are particularly involved in

behavioral control. These may be divided into the rostral segment, governing

ingestion, reproduction and defense, and the caudal segment, governing foraging

and exploration. The rostral segment sets particular goals: food, a mate, escape

from predation. The caudal segment, by contrast, controls the initial analysis of

the unexpected and unexplored. It includes the mammillary body, controlling

head direction, the ventral tegmental area, origin of dopaminergic incentive

reward circuitry (Legault & Wise, 2002) and locomotor behavior, and the

reticular part of the substantia nigra, regulating the orienting movements of the

eyes, head, neck and upper limbs (Swanson, 2000). The hypothalamus thus

functions as follows: The rostral segment generates a MAP schema, oriented

towards some basic end, implementing appropriate perceptions and actions. If the

like representation of the treadmill to initiate its locomotion behavior. Instead, the treadmill sensory pattern or array is

mapped more or less directly onto a walking output motor pattern.

The hypothalamus has developed subsystems providing integrated control of all three subsections of the motor system:

somatomotor, governing the operation of skeletal, voluntary muscle; autonomic, innervating smooth muscle, cardiac

muscle, and glands; and neuroendocrine, exerting its effects through the pituitary (Swanson, 2000, p. 116). The

hypothalamus also regulates temperature and the sleep/wake cycle.

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