有效入门：Django教程覆盖从环境配置到高级视图

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本篇教程是关于Django框架的全面指南，名为"Effective Django Tutorial"，发布日期为2014年3月29日，作者是Nathan Yergler。该教程旨在帮助读者掌握Django开发环境的设置、模型设计与数据库交互、视图功能编写、静态资产管理和高级通用视图的使用，以及表单的基本概念。以下是各部分的主要知识点概要： 1. **入门与开发环境设置** - 介绍了如何设置一个适合Django开发的环境，包括必要的软件安装和配置，确保开发者的电脑能够顺利运行Django项目。 2. **使用模型（Model）** - 学习如何配置数据库，创建模型来定义数据结构。 - 通过实例展示如何在模型中进行数据交互，并编写测试以验证模型的功能。 - 模型设计的审查环节，强调了模型的规范性和实用性。 3. **编写视图（Views）** - 视图是Django的核心，涵盖了基础视图的概念、通用视图（如列表、编辑和删除）的使用。 - 学习如何定义URL映射、创建模板以呈现视图输出，以及编写测试用例确保视图功能正确无误。 - 包括集成测试和视图功能的回顾。 4. **处理静态资产** - 添加和引用静态文件，如CSS、JavaScript等，以及如何在模板中正确引用它们。 - 提供了简单模板包含和静态文件服务的指导。 - 这一章节总结了静态资产管理的重要性和实践技巧。 5. **高级通用视图** - 教授如何使用编辑、删除和详细视图功能，提高开发效率。 6. **表单（Form）基础** - 如何向表单添加字段、自定义表单类、验证规则和控制渲染方式。 - 测试表单功能，确保用户输入的有效性和安全性。通过这个教程，开发者可以逐步掌握Django框架的各个方面，从项目初始化到高级特性的应用，为构建高质量的Web应用打下坚实的基础。无论是初学者还是有一定经验的开发者，都能从中收获实用的技巧和最佳实践。

Effective Django, Build 2014.03.29

1.3 Beginning a Django Project

When a building is under construction, scaffolding is often used to support the structure before it’s complete. The

scaffolding can be temporary, or it can serve as part of the foundation for the building, but regardless it provides some

support when you’re just starting out.

Django, like many web frameworks, provides scaffolding for your development efforts. It does this by making deci-

sions and providing a starting point for your code that lets you focus on the problem you’re trying to solve, and not

how to parse an HTTP request. Django provides HTTP, as well as ﬁle system scaffolding.

The HTTP scaffolding handles things like parsing an HTTP request into a Python object and providing tools to

easily create a response. The ﬁle system scaffolding is a little different: it’s a set of conventions for organizing

your code. These conventions make it easier to add engineers to a project, since they (hypothetically) have some

idea how the code is organized. In Django parlance, a project is the ﬁnal product, and it assembles one or more

applications together. Django 1.4 made a change to the way the projects and applications are laid out on disk

(https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.5/releases/1.4/#updated-default-project-layout-and-manage-py), which makes it

easier to decouple and reuse applications between projects.

1.3.1 Creating the Project

Django installs a django-admin.py script for handling scaffolding tasks. We’ll use startproject to create

the project ﬁles. We specify the project name and the directory to start in; we’re already in our isolated environment

so we can just say .

(tutorial)$ django-admin.py startproject addressbook .

manage.py

./addressbook

__init__.py

settings.py

urls.py

wsgi.py

1.3.2 Project Scaffolding

• manage.py is a pointer back to django-admin.py with an environment variable set, pointing to your

project as the one to read settings from and operate on when needed.

• settings.py is where you’ll conﬁgure your project. It has a few sensible defaults, but no database chosen

when you start.

• urls.py contains the URL to view mappings: we’ll talk more about that shortly.

• wsgi.py is a WSGI (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface) wrapper for your appli-

cation. This is used by Django’s development servers, and possibly other containers like mod_wsgi, uwsgi, etc.

in production.

1.3.3 Creating the “App”

(tutorial)$ python ./manage.py startapp contacts

./addressbook

./contacts

__init__.py

1.3. Beginning a Django Project 5

CHAPTER

TWO

USING MODELS

2.1 Conﬁguring the Database

Django includes support out of the box for MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite3, and Oracle. SQLite3

(http://docs.python.org/2/library/sqlite3.html) is included with Python starting with version 2.5, so we’ll use it for

our project for simplicity. If you were going to use MySQL, for example, you’d need to add mysql-python

(https://pypi.python.org/pypi/MySQL-python) to your requirements.txt ﬁle.

To enable SQLite as the database, edit the DATABASES deﬁnition in addressbook/settings.py. The

settings.py ﬁle contains the Django conﬁguration for our project. There are some settings that you

must specify – like the DATABASES conﬁguration – and others that are optional. Django ﬁlls in some

defaults when it generates the project scaffolding, and the documentation contains a full list of settings

(https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.5/ref/settings/). You can also add your own settings here, if needed.

For SQLite we need to set the engine and then give it a name. The SQLite backend uses the NAME as the ﬁlename for

the database.

DATABASES = {

’default’:{

’ENGINE’: ’django.db.backends.sqlite3’, # ’postgresql_psycopg2’, ’mysql’, ’sqlite3’ or ’oracle’.

’NAME’: ’address.db’,

’USER’: ’’, # Not used with sqlite3.

’PASSWORD’: ’’, # Not used with sqlite3.

’HOST’: ’’, # Set to empty string for localhost. Not used with sqlite3.

’PORT’: ’’, # Set to empty string for default. Not used with sqlite3.

}

Note that the database engine is speciﬁed as a string, and not a direct reference to the Python object. This is because

the settings ﬁle needs to be easily importable, without triggering any side effects. You should avoid adding imports to

the settings ﬁle.

You rarely need to import the settings ﬁle directly; Django imports it for you, and makes it available as

django.conf.settings. You typically import your settings from django.conf:

from django.conf import settings

2.2 Creating a Model

Django models map (roughly) to a database table, and provide a place to encapsulate business logic. All mod-

els subclass the base Model (https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.5/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model)

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