Contents XIX
9.7 Applications to Analysis/Synthesis Coding ....................................... 172
9.8 Applications to Speech Pattern Recognition .................................... 176
9.9 Summary ...................................................................................... 180
References .............................................................................................. 180
10
Pitch and Voicing Determination of Speech
with an Extension Toward Music Signals
W. J. Hess ................................................................................................ 181
10.1 Pitch in Time-Variant Quasiperiodic Acoustic Signals ....................... 182
10.2 Short-Term Analysis PDAs .............................................................. 185
10.3 Selected Time-Domain Methods..................................................... 192
10.4 A Short Look into Voicing Determination......................................... 195
10.5 Evaluation and Postprocessing....................................................... 197
10.6 Applications in Speech and Music .................................................. 201
10.7 Some New Challenges and Developments ....................................... 203
10.8 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................... 207
References .............................................................................................. 208
11
Formant Estimation and Tracking
D. O’Shaughnessy .................................................................................... 213
11.1 Historical ...................................................................................... 213
11.2 Vocal Tract Resonances .................................................................. 215
11.3 Speech Production ........................................................................ 216
11.4 Acoustics of the Vocal Tract ............................................................ 218
11.5 Short-Time Speech Analysis ........................................................... 221
11.6 Formant Estimation....................................................................... 223
11.7 Summary ...................................................................................... 226
References .............................................................................................. 226
12
The STFT, Sinusoidal Models, and Speech Modification
M. M. Goodwin ........................................................................................ 229
12.1 The Short-Time Fourier Transform .................................................. 230
12.2 Sinusoidal Models ......................................................................... 242
12.3 Speech Modification ...................................................................... 253
References .............................................................................................. 256
13
Adaptive Blind Multichannel Identification
Y. Huang, J. Benesty, J. Chen.................................................................... 259
13.1 Overview....................................................................................... 259
13.2 Signal Model and Problem Formulation .......................................... 260
13.3 Identifiability and Principle ........................................................... 261
13.4 Constrained Time-Domain Multichannel LMS
and Newton Algorithms ................................................................. 262
13.5 Unconstrained Multichannel LMS Algorithm
with Optimal Step-Size Control ...................................................... 266
13.6 Frequency-Domain Blind Multichannel Identification Algorithms .... 268
13.7 Adaptive Multichannel Exponentiated Gradient Algorithm .............. 276