掌握开源3D打印软件：MatterControl实战指南

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xix

Introduction

The consumer 3D-printing landscape has changed a lot in the past year. Initially in the realm of

crowdfunded startups, the printers are now starting to look more and more like consumer electronics

devices than hobbyist kits. As with any maturing industry, unfortunately along the way there has been a

fracturing of standards. Many one-off proprietary systems are coming on to the market. The open source

community has been standing against that trend. This book focuses on MatterControl, a program for using

any one of the many printers that conform to open source standards.

3D printing can be defined pretty simply: creating an object by building it up layer by layer—rather

than by machining it away the way you would by making something from a block of wood or by squirting

something into a mold as you would for injection-molded plastic parts. Making 3D printing work, though,

is far from simple. 3D-printer designers can take one of two fundamental approaches. Either they can make

their system proprietary (using software and hardware available only to them) and tightly control their

ecosystem so that the user does not have to (and, often, cannot) make many changes; or they can accept the

complexity, requiring that the user be more sophisticated.

This book is aimed primarily at the latter audience. MatterControl hides some of the complexity from

users, but also allows flexibility for the printers that support it. MatterControl comes preloaded with settings

for some printers, which makes getting started with those printers particulary simple.

This book is meant to be a self-contained tutorial on consumer 3D printers that run open source

software. More specifically, it is a “manual plus” for MatterControl and the ecosystem of open source

3D-printing hardware and software surrounding it. We draw on some of the material from the earlier book

Mastering 3D Printing (Apress, 2014). That book for the most part avoided screenshots and step-by-step

instructions because when it was written (about a year before this book), most software interfaces were

too much in flux to include in a traditional book. With the maturing of the industry and its software, it is

now possible to create more of a step-by-step guide to using particular software. Details may change and

features may be added, of course. By the time you read this, MatterControl may have evolved a little, but

the fundamentals are now in place. This book is mostly software-focused; if you are more interested in the

hardware too and post-processing, you might consider also investing in Mastering 3D Printing.

This book can be used as a textbook for a semester-length class or university extension certificate series

covering 3D printing and its applications, particularly one focusing on K–12 educators. It might be paired

with an in-depth class on 3D computer-aided design (CAD) software for students interested in engineering

and industrial or product design, or a group planning on starting with an open source RepRap printer that

they plan to modify for specialized applications. Similarly, this book might be paired with a text covering one

of the sculptural 3D-modeling programs for students developing skills in 3D animation or fine art.

Part 1 (Chapters 1–3) of the book gives background on the history of these printers, talks about how the

hardware works, and introduces the MatterControl software, including downloading and configuring it for

a particular printer. Part 2 (Chapters 4–8) is the nitty-gritty tutorial on the workflow of using a 3D printer:

developing a 3D model, slicing it into layers that the printer will create one at a time, and controlling the

printer in real time. This part concludes with a discussion of special cases, such as printing something

hollow. Part 3 (Chapters 9–12) talks about how to put your 3D printer to work, with some case studies,

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Chapter 1

The Desktop 3D Printer

Everyone talks about 3D printing, and from all the things you hear about it you would think it was going to

solve just about every problem on the planet. The technology is very powerful and has many applications,

but it is correspondingly a little challenging to learn to use well. This chapter gives you a little background

about the hardware used in 3D printers. Chapter 2 introduces the MatterControl software and discusses

how it fits into the (still a little complicated) 3D-printing process. After that, we show you how to install the

software, and then you should be off and running!

What Is 3D Printing?

3D printing is more formally known as additive manufacturing, since a print is created by making an object

one layer at a time, adding on material until it is done. More traditional subtractive manufacturing starts off

with a block of, say, wood or metal and takes material away as the part emerges. Both techniques shine in

certain areas, but 3D printing is particularly useful for creating complex objects, making unique or custom

items, or generating prototypes during the design phase of a project.

We could argue that “3D printing” has been around for eons, since every sandbar is built from sand

washed up on it. In terms of the lineage of current machines, though, Chuck Hull developed the first 3D printer

that used a robotic mechanism to control a laser in about 1984, subsequently commercialized by 3D Systems

about five years later. This technique, called stereolithography (abbreviated SLA), is still very much in use today,

though very much evolved — it uses a laser to solidify an object out of a vat of liquid resin layer by layer.

Since then, other technologies have evolved which can most usefully be organized around the feed

stock they use. We give you a quick overview of printers that use powders and resin, which are mostly used

in more expensive, commercial applications. Then we move on to consumer, desktop 3D printers that

mostly use plastic filament on a spool as feed stock.

Commercial 3D Printers

Many commercial grade printers use one of a set of technologies that we call selective binding. These printers

fuse a fine powder (such as gypsum, nylon, or even metal) either by using heat to sinter or melt the powder

particles to fuse them together, or by depositing a binding agent (glue or solvent) to make layers of powder

adhere to previous layers. Typically, the process starts by coating an empty build platform with a fine layer

of the working powder. Printers have a print head consisting of either a lens and set of mirrors to focus a

laser onto the surface of the powder or an inkjet for depositing binding agents onto it. This head fuses one

layer’s worth of the material at a time, sometimes laying down ink to color the object at the same time. Then

another thin layer is laid up on top of this and so on until the print is done. The user has to dig the finished

print out of a bed of powder and vacuum off the excess powder. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) printers work

this way, as do direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and most full-color printers. Printing metal is complex

and for some technologies requires filling the build chamber with argon or nitrogen.

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CHAPTER 1 ■ THE DESKTOP 3D PRINTER

Another set of technologies uses selective solidification, in which a liquid is selectively turned into a

solid, typically by using an ultraviolet light source to activate polymerization in liquid resin. SLA (described

earlier) was the first example of this, and the Form 1+ printer is a lower-cost example now on the market.

Digital light projection (DLP) printers use a projector to harden an entire layer at once. There are now

several DLP printers aimed at the consumer market (a search for “DLP 3D printer” on your favorite search

engine should give a list). However, the resin hardens when exposed to UV light and requires some care in

handling. Managing this makes DLP printers harder to deal with than the ones we are about to describe.

Beyond the printers using plastic, some are being used to extrude food or concrete, and medical

printers create tissue substrates for new organs. People have been deploying 3D printers in many

applications and size scales. We focus on thermoplastics and similar substances in this book.

■ Tip We do not discuss commercial 3D printer technologies or go into the history of the current crop of

consumer printers further in this book. If you would like more detail, check out Joan’s earlier book,

Mastering 3D Printing (Apress, 2014), which takes a somewhat broader and more philosophical look at the

industry than this one.

If you want to learn to maintain your hardware, Maintaining and Troubleshooting your 3D Printer by C. Bell

(Apress, 2014) is an extremely detailed hands-on review of buying, building, setting up, and calibrating a printer.

Bell’s book also discusses common firmware choices in detail.

Desktop 3D Printers

The MatterControl program is intended to control 3D printers using a technology variously called Fused

Filament Fabrication (FFF) or Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). This type of machine melts a

thermoplastic filament and extrudes it in a sticky, viscous form through a moving nozzle (and/or onto a

moving build platform) one thin layer at a time. This extruder works like a high-tech hot glue gun. Layers

typically are about 0.1 to 0.3 mm thick. Figure1-1 shows a few views of a consumer 3D printer building up

an object in this way. This type of printer now can be purchased in a variety of configurations, and the rest

of this book is focused on these. (The print is a result of the process of 3-dimensionally scanning your trusty

author Rich’s body and creating a printable object. We describe that process in Chapter 4, but Figure1-2

shows how the model looked in MatterControl, as a bit of a preview.)

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掌握开源3D打印软件：MatterControl实战指南

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