Tomcat权威指南第二版：深入解析

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"Tomcat权威指南英文第2版" 《Tomcat The Definitive Guide》第二版是由Jason Brittain与Ian F. Darwin合作编写的，旨在为读者提供全面深入的Tomcat服务器操作和管理知识。这本书由O'Reilly Media, Inc.在2008年出版，是关于Apache Tomcat的一本经典教程，适用于教育、商业或销售推广使用。 Tomcat是一款开源的Java Servlet容器，广泛用于部署Java Web应用程序。该指南深入浅出地讲解了Tomcat的安装、配置、管理和优化，涵盖了从基础概念到高级应用的方方面面。书中可能涉及的知识点包括： 1. **Tomcat简介**：解释了Tomcat的起源、功能以及在Java EE环境中的角色，介绍其作为轻量级应用服务器的特点。 2. **安装与配置**：详述了在不同操作系统上安装Tomcat的过程，包括配置环境变量、设置端口和启动/关闭脚本等。 3. **目录结构**：解析了Tomcat的各个目录和文件的作用，如WEB-INF、conf、logs等。 4. **部署Web应用**：介绍了如何将WAR文件部署到Tomcat，以及如何配置Context元素以自定义应用的行为。 5. **安全管理**：讨论了用户认证、访问控制和角色管理，包括使用 Realm 和 JAAS 配置安全策略。 6. **性能优化**：提供了提高Tomcat性能的技巧，如调整JVM参数、内存分配、线程池设置等。 7. **连接器与协议**：解释了如何配置Connector以支持不同的HTTP协议，如AJP和HTTP/2。 8. **集群与负载均衡**：讲述了如何设置Tomcat集群以实现故障转移和负载分发，以及使用mod_proxy等工具进行负载均衡。 9. **日志与调试**：描述了Tomcat的日志系统，如何配置和分析日志，以及使用JMX进行远程监控和诊断。 10. **故障排查**：提供了常见问题的解决方法，帮助读者快速定位并修复问题。 11. **最新版本特性**：第二版可能会涵盖Tomcat的新功能和改进，例如对Java新版本的支持、性能提升等。此外，书中还可能包含对其他相关技术如JSP、Servlet、Spring MVC等的介绍，以及如何与其他服务器（如Apache HTTP Server）集成。通过这本书，读者不仅可以掌握Tomcat的基本操作，还能深入了解其工作原理，从而更好地管理和维护Java Web应用。

Preface

Jason Brittain’s Acknowledgments

A big thanks to my wife Carmina, for taking care of the little ones while I wrote, over

the course of more than two years. Thanks, Cutie, for all the help you gave me while

I wrote this edition of the book, and for being inspirational to me, and now to our

children. I love you very much, and I always will!

Thanks to James Duncan Davidson and Jason Hunter who together had a strong

vision of excellence for the First Edition of this book and worked hard to make that

vision a reality.

I’d like to personally thank Simon St.Laurent for the help and support for this book.

The level of detail and clarity demonstrates how much Simon worked to make sure I

had the time to write it that way. Thanks Simon!

Thanks also go to Ian Darwin for coauthoring the first edition of the book. He wrote

a large amount of helpful and virtually timeless Tomcat content that remains in this

Second Edition.

The person who directly contributed the most content for the Second Edition of this

book (besides Simon St.Laurent, the editor through most of the project), was Akbar

Ansari. He provided many screen shots that would have taken me countless addi-

tional hours to create, he graphed benchmark data numerous times, proofread some

of my text and gave me feedback, and most importantly gave me words of encour-

agement as I wrote. Thanks, Akbar, for being so helpful and genuinely interested!

Thanks also to Jamie Madden for being the tech reviewer for the Second Edition.

Bart Busschots and Jamie Madden both wrote the Mac OS X specific sections of this

book—excellent pioneering work guys! Thanks!

Also Sebastien Diotte implemented the initial 5.5+ port of

BadInputValve, Sean

McCauliff gave feedback about textual strangeness in some chapters, and Mike

Miller showed me an important FreeBSD ipfilter port remapping rule. Thanks to

Mark Petrovic for conversing with me about the

SecurityManager and for writing the

security policy autodiscovery article; Nicholas Schuetz for creating and maintaining

the

#tomcat IRC channel on the irc.freenode.net server (it has helped countless Tom-

cat users); Philip Morton, Robert Brindamour, and Tom Duggin for fixing a scalabil-

ity bug in

BadInputValve; William Osmond (I forgot to write in my notes what you

helped with, but I know you helped! Thanks!); Fabrice Bellard and others for writ-

ing QEMU so that I could run so many different operating systems to write about

them; and Jason Gabler for showing me sventon.

Thanks to my former co-workers and friends at NASA’s Ames research center, and

the NASA Kepler Space Telescope mission (http://kepler.nasa.gov) for allowing me to

participate. Eventually, our software will find many new habitable worlds, never

before detected by mankind.

Chapter 1: Getting Started with Tomcat

developer, attempting to build and use your own Tomcat binaries may actually cause

problems because it is relatively easy to build Tomcat in ways that quietly disable

important features. To get started quickly, you should download an official release

binary package for your system.

If you want some hints on compiling from source, see Chapter 9.

There are two levels of packaging. The Apache Software Foundation publishes bina-

ries in the form of releases and nightly builds. Other organizations rebundle these

into RPM packages and other kinds of installers for Linux, “packages” for BSD, and

so forth. The best way to install Tomcat depends on your system. We explain the

process on several systems: Linux, Solaris, Windows, Mac OS X, and FreeBSD.

Tomcat 6 requires any Java runtime version 1.5 or higher (which Sun’s marketing

group calls “Java 5”). We suggest that you run Tomcat 6 on Java 1.6 or higher, how-

ever, due to the additional features, fixes, and performance improvements that Java

1.6 (or higher) JVMs offer.

Installing Tomcat on Linux

Tomcat is available in at least two different binary release forms for Linux users to

choose from:

Multiplatform binary releases

You can download, install, and run any of the binary releases of Tomcat from

Apache’s web site regardless of the Linux distribution you run. This format

comes in the form of gzipped tar archives (tar.gz files) and zip archive files. This

allows you to install Tomcat into any directory you choose, and you can install it

as any user ID in the system. However, this kind of installation is not tracked by

any package manager and will be more difficult to upgrade or uninstall later.

Also, it does not come with an

init script for integration into the system’s star-

tup and shutdown.

Distribution native package

If you run Fedora or Red Hat Linux (or another Linux that uses the Red Hat

package manager, such as SUSE or Mandriva), you can download a binary RPM

package of Tomcat. This allows for easy uninstalls and upgrades via the Red Hat

Package Manager, plus it installs a Tomcat

init script for stopping, starting, and

restarting Tomcat from the command line and on reboots. The downside to this

method of installation is that you must install the Tomcat RPM package as the

root user. As of this writing there are at least two RPM package implementa-

tions for you to choose from, each with different features.

Installing Tomcat

Keep in mind, though, that Linux is just the operating system kernel, and the com-

plete operating system is a “distribution.” Today, there are many different Linux dis-

tributions. Some examples include Fedora, Red Hat, Ubuntu, Mandriva, Gentoo,

and Debian. Although any two Linux distributions tend to be similar, there are also

usually enough differences that make it difficult for developers to write one script

that runs successfully on two. Also, each Linux distribution may primarily use a dif-

ferent native package manager, so each version of a distribution can change any

number of things in the operating system, including Java

and Tomcat. It is not

uncommon for Linux distributions to bundle software written in Java that does not

work only because the distribution’s own package of it is broken in a subtle way.

Distributions also tend to include old versions of Tomcat that are either unstable or

less than ideal to run your web site compared to the latest stable version available.

For these reasons, it’s almost always best to install your own recent stable version of

Tomcat.

Because there are so many Linux distributions, and because they are significantly dif-

ferent from each other, giving specific instructions on how best to install Tomcat on

each version of each Linux distribution is beyond the scope of this book. Luckily,

there is enough similarity between the popular Linux distributions for you to follow

more generic Linux installation instructions for installing Tomcat from an Apache

binary release archive.

If you run a Fedora or Red Hat Linux distribution, more than one implementation of

Tomcat RPM packages exists for you to choose from:

The Tomcat RPM package that comes with this book

This is a fully relocateable RPM package that can be easily rebuilt via a custom

ant build file. It does not build Tomcat itself but instead bundles the official mul-

tiplatform Apache release class binaries of the Tomcat 6 version of your choice.

This RPM package depends on no other RPM packages, so it can be installed as

a single package, but needs to be configured to use an installed Java runtime

(JDK or JRE). See Appendix E for the full source listing of the RPM package’s

scripts.

The Tomcat RPM package that is available from JPackage.org

This is a nonrelocateable RPM package that installs Tomcat into the /var direc-

tory. It rebuilds Tomcat from source code and then packages up the resulting

multiplatform class binaries. This RPM package depends on many other RPM

packages (each potentially requiring yet more packages) from JPackage.org and

must be installed as a graph of RPM packages. As of this writing, JPackage.org

does not have a Tomcat 6.0 RPM, only a Tomcat 5.5 RPM.

* See Appendix A for more information about how to work around a distribution’s incompatible Java

implementation.

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