NEN-ISO/IEC14496-10: Advanced Video Coding Standard

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"ISO/IEC 14496-10，通常称为AVC或H.264，是高级视频编码标准，由国际标准化组织（ISO）和国际电工委员会（IEC）联合发布。这个标准的第三版（2006-03-01）旨在提供高效的数据压缩技术，用于音频和视觉对象的编码。本文件涵盖了该标准的范围、规范性引用、定义、缩写以及一系列的运算和表示规则。" 这篇文档首先介绍了标准的引言，包括其目的、应用、版本信息和设计特点。ISO/IEC 14496-10的主要目标是服务于各种应用，如数字电视、互联网视频流和移动通信。这个标准的2006年3月版本替代了之前的版本，并提供了更先进的视频编码技术。在设计特性部分，文档提到了预测编码，这是视频编码中的核心概念，通过利用相邻帧的信息来减少数据量。对于渐进式和交错式视频的编码，AVC提供了支持，能够处理不同类型的视频源。此外，图像被分割成宏块和更小的分区，以便更有效地处理空间冗余。通过去除空间上的重复信息，编码器可以显著降低视频的存储和传输需求。文档还指导读者如何阅读和理解这个规格说明，这对于开发者和实现者来说非常重要。接着，它列出了标准的范围、规范性引用文件、定义和缩写，这些都是理解和实施标准的基础。在后续章节中，规定了算术、逻辑、关系、位操作和赋值运算符的使用，以及范围表示法和数学函数等基础规则，这些都是实现编码算法时必须遵循的约定。在技术层面，ISO/IEC 14496-10与MPEG-2相比，提供了更高的压缩效率，能够在相同的视频质量下使用更少的带宽。这使得它成为高清视频和互联网视频传输的理想选择。由于涉及到版权和许可问题，该文档强调只能在单个PC上使用，若要在网络环境中使用，需要与NEN（荷兰标准化研究所）签订额外的许可协议。总结起来，ISO/IEC 14496-10标准是现代视频编码的基石，它的设计和实施涉及到了复杂的预测、空间压缩和操作符规则，这些内容对于理解并实现高效视频编码至关重要。同时，它对版权保护和使用环境也有明确的规定。

ISO/IEC 14496-10:2005(E)

xiv

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical

Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of

ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees

established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC

technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental

and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information

technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International

Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as

an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO/IEC 14496-10 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information Technology,

Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of Audio, Picture, Multimedia and Hypermedia Information.

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/IEC 14496-10:2004), which has been

technically revised.

This part of ISO/IEC 14496 is technically aligned with ITU-T Rec. H.264 but is not published as identical text.

ISO/IEC 14496 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Coding of

audio-visual objects:

 Part 1: Systems

 Part 2: Visual

 Part 3: Audio

 Part 4: Conformance testing

 Part 5: Reference software

 Part 6: Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)

 Part 7: Optimized reference software for coding of audio-visual objects [Technical Report]

 Part 8: Carriage of ISO/IEC 14496 contents over IP networks

 Part 9: Reference hardware description [Technical Report]

 Part 10: Advanced Video Coding

 Part 11: Scene description and application engine

 Part 12: ISO base media file format

 Part 13: Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) extensions

 Part 14: MP4 file format

NEN-ISO/IEC 14496-10:2006-09

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ISO/IEC 14496-10:2005(E)

xvi

0 Introduction

This clause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

0.1 Prologue

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

As the costs for both processing power and memory have reduced, network support for coded video data has diversified,

and advances in video coding technology have progressed, the need has arisen for an industry standard for compressed

video representation with substantially increased coding efficiency and enhanced robustness to network environments.

Toward these ends the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group

(MPEG) formed a Joint Video Team (JVT) in 2001 for development of a new Recommendation | International Standard.

0.2 Purpose

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

This Recommendation | International Standard was developed in response to the growing need for higher compression of

moving pictures for various applications such as videoconferencing, digital storage media, television broadcasting,

internet streaming, and communication. It is also designed to enable the use of the coded video representation in a

flexible manner for a wide variety of network environments. The use of this Recommendation | International Standard

allows motion video to be manipulated as a form of computer data and to be stored on various storage media, transmitted

and received over existing and future networks and distributed on existing and future broadcasting channels.

0.3 Applications

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

This Recommendation | International Standard is designed to cover a broad range of applications for video content

including but not limited to the following:

CATV Cable TV on optical networks, copper, etc.

DBS Direct broadcast satellite video services

DSL Digital subscriber line video services

DTTB Digital terrestrial television broadcasting

ISM Interactive storage media (optical disks, etc.)

MMM Multimedia mailing

MSPN Multimedia services over packet networks

RTC Real-time conversational services (videoconferencing, videophone, etc.)

RVS Remote video surveillance

SSM Serial storage media (digital VTR, etc.)

0.4 Publication and versions of this International Standard

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

This International Standard has been jointly developed by ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and the ISO/IEC

Moving Picture Experts Group. It is published as technically-aligned twin text in both organizations ITU-T and ISO/IEC.

ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10 version 1 refers to the first (2003) approved version of this Recommendation |

International Standard.

ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10 version 2 refers to the integrated text containing the corrections specified in the

first technical corrigendum.

ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10 version 3 refers to the integrated text containing both the first technical

corrigendum (2004) and the first amendment, which is referred to as the "Fidelity range extensions".

NEN-ISO/IEC 14496-10:2006-09

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ISO/IEC 14496-10:2005(E)

xvii

ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10 version 4 (the current specification) refers to the integrated text containing the

first technical corrigendum (2004), the first amendment (the "Fidelity range extensions"), and an additional technical

corrigendum (2005). In the ITU-T, the next published version after version 2 was version 4 (due to the completion of the

drafting work for version 4 prior to the approval opportunity for a final version 3 text).

0.5 Profiles and levels

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

This Recommendation | International Standard is designed to be generic in the sense that it serves a wide range of

applications, bit rates, resolutions, qualities, and services. Applications should cover, among other things, digital storage

media, television broadcasting and real-time communications. In the course of creating this International Standard,

various requirements from typical applications have been considered, necessary algorithmic elements have been

developed, and these have been integrated into a single syntax. Hence, this International Standard will facilitate video

data interchange among different applications.

Considering the practicality of implementing the full syntax of this International Standard, however, a limited number of

subsets of the syntax are also stipulated by means of "profiles" and "levels". These and other related terms are formally

defined in clause 3.

A "profile" is a subset of the entire bitstream syntax that is specified by this Recommendation | International Standard.

Within the bounds imposed by the syntax of a given profile it is still possible to require a very large variation in the

performance of encoders and decoders depending upon the values taken by syntax elements in the bitstream such as the

specified size of the decoded pictures. In many applications, it is currently neither practical nor economic to implement a

decoder capable of dealing with all hypothetical uses of the syntax within a particular profile.

In order to deal with this problem, "levels" are specified within each profile. A level is a specified set of constraints

imposed on values of the syntax elements in the bitstream. These constraints may be simple limits on values.

Alternatively they may take the form of constraints on arithmetic combinations of values (e.g. picture width multiplied by

picture height multiplied by number of pictures decoded per second).

Coded video content conforming to this Recommendation | International Standard uses a common syntax. In order to

achieve a subset of the complete syntax, flags, parameters, and other syntax elements are included in the bitstream that

signal the presence or absence of syntactic elements that occur later in the bitstream.

0.6 Overview of the design characteristics

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

The coded representation specified in the syntax is designed to enable a high compression capability for a desired image

quality. With the exception of the transform bypass mode of operation for lossless coding in the High 4:4:4 profile and

the I_PCM mode of operation in all profiles, the algorithm is typically not lossless, as the exact source sample values are

typically not preserved through the encoding and decoding processes. A number of techniques may be used to achieve

highly efficient compression. Encoding algorithms (not specified in this Recommendation | International Standard) may

select between inter and intra coding for block-shaped regions of each picture. Inter coding uses motion vectors for

block-based inter prediction to exploit temporal statistical dependencies between different pictures. Intra coding uses

various spatial prediction modes to exploit spatial statistical dependencies in the source signal for a single picture.

Motion vectors and intra prediction modes may be specified for a variety of block sizes in the picture. The prediction

residual is then further compressed using a transform to remove spatial correlation inside the transform block before it is

quantised, producing an irreversible process that typically discards less important visual information while forming a

close approximation to the source samples. Finally, the motion vectors or intra prediction modes are combined with the

quantised transform coefficient information and encoded using either variable length codes or arithmetic coding.

0.6.1 Predictive coding

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

Because of the conflicting requirements of random access and highly efficient compression, two main coding types are

specified. Intra coding is done without reference to other pictures. Intra coding may provide access points to the coded

sequence where decoding can begin and continue correctly, but typically also shows only moderate compression

efficiency. Inter coding (predictive or bi-predictive) is more efficient using inter prediction of each block of sample

values from some previously decoded picture selected by the encoder. In contrast to some other video coding standards,

pictures coded using bi-predictive inter prediction may also be used as references for inter coding of other pictures.

NEN-ISO/IEC 14496-10:2006-09

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ISO/IEC 14496-10:2005(E)

xviii

The application of the three coding types to pictures in a sequence is flexible, and the order of the decoding process is

generally not the same as the order of the source picture capture process in the encoder or the output order from the

decoder for display. The choice is left to the encoder and will depend on the requirements of the application. The

decoding order is specified such that the decoding of pictures that use inter-picture prediction follows later in decoding

order than other pictures that are referenced in the decoding process.

0.6.2 Coding of progressive and interlaced video

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

This Recommendation | International Standard specifies a syntax and decoding process for video that originated in either

progressive-scan or interlaced-scan form, which may be mixed together in the same sequence. The two fields of an

interlaced frame are separated in capture time while the two fields of a progressive frame share the same capture time.

Each field may be coded separately or the two fields may be coded together as a frame. Progressive frames are typically

coded as a frame. For interlaced video, the encoder can choose between frame coding and field coding. Frame coding or

field coding can be adaptively selected on a picture-by-picture basis and also on a more localized basis within a coded

frame. Frame coding is typically preferred when the video scene contains significant detail with limited motion. Field

coding typically works better when there is fast picture-to-picture motion.

0.6.3 Picture partitioning into macroblocks and smaller partitions

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

As in previous video coding Recommendations and International Standards, a macroblock, consisting of a 16x16 block

of luma samples and two corresponding blocks of chroma samples, is used as the basic processing unit of the video

decoding process.

A macroblock can be further partitioned for inter prediction. The selection of the size of inter prediction partitions is a

result of a trade-off between the coding gain provided by using motion compensation with smaller blocks and the

quantity of data needed to represent the data for motion compensation. In this Recommendation | International Standard

the inter prediction process can form segmentations for motion representation as small as 4x4 luma samples in size, using

motion vector accuracy of one-quarter of the luma sample grid spacing displacement. The process for inter prediction of

a sample block can also involve the selection of the picture to be used as the reference picture from a number of stored

previously-decoded pictures. Motion vectors are encoded differentially with respect to predicted values formed from

nearby encoded motion vectors.

Typically, the encoder calculates appropriate motion vectors and other data elements represented in the video data

stream. This motion estimation process in the encoder and the selection of whether to use inter prediction for the

representation of each region of the video content is not specified in this Recommendation | International Standard.

0.6.4 Spatial redundancy reduction

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

Both source pictures and prediction residuals have high spatial redundancy. This Recommendation | International

Standard is based on the use of a block-based transform method for spatial redundancy removal. After inter prediction

from previously-decoded samples in other pictures or spatial-based prediction from previously-decoded samples within

the current picture, the resulting prediction residual is split into 4x4 blocks. These are converted into the transform

domain where they are quantised. After quantisation many of the transform coefficients are zero or have low amplitude

and can thus be represented with a small amount of encoded data. The processes of transformation and quantisation in

the encoder are not specified in this Recommendation | International Standard.

0.7 How to read this specification

This subclause does not form an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

It is suggested that the reader start with Clause 1 (Scope) and moves on to clause 3 (Definitions). Clause 6 should be read

for the geometrical relationship of the source, input, and output of the decoder. Clause 7 (Syntax and semantics) specifies

the order to parse syntax elements from the bitstream. See subclauses 7.1-7.3 for syntactical order and see subclause 7.4

for semantics; i.e., the scope, restrictions, and conditions that are imposed on the syntax elements. The actual parsing for

most syntax elements is specified in Clause 9 (Parsing process). Finally, Clause 8 (Decoding process) specifies how the

syntax elements are mapped into decoded samples. Throughout reading this specification, the reader should refer to

Clauses 2 (Normative references), 4 (Abbreviations), and 5 (Conventions) as needed. Annexes A through E also form an

integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard.

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