Vulkan入门教程：从实例到渲染全过程详解
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更新于2024-07-17
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"Vulkan Tutorial.pdf 是一份由 Alexander Overvoorde 编写的关于Vulkan编程教程，发布于2019年4月。该教程详细介绍了如何使用Vulkan进行图形渲染，从入门到高级概念，包括但不限于实例和物理设备选择、逻辑设备与队列家族、窗口表面与交换链、图像视图与帧缓冲、渲染 passes、图形管线、命令池和命令缓冲区，以及开发环境的设置。教程还涵盖了API概念、编码规范和验证层的使用。
章节1以介绍开始，解释了Vulkan的基本背景，包括它的起源和发展目的。接着，作者指导读者按照步骤创建一个三角形绘制程序：
- **步骤1**：选择实例和物理设备，这是配置Vulkan环境的关键步骤，因为不同的设备可能支持不同的特性。
- **步骤2**：逻辑设备和队列家族的选择，确保在特定平台上正确分配资源。
- **步骤3**：通过Windows、Linux或MacOS中的窗口系统和交换链设置，确保渲染过程能够在不同操作系统上顺利进行。
- **步骤4**：介绍图像视图和帧缓冲的概念，这些是图形数据的存储和传输机制。
- **步骤5**：讲解渲染 pass，它定义了图形渲染的各个阶段，如颜色渲染、深度测试等。
- **步骤6**：图形管线的构建，涉及到着色器、状态设置和渲染操作的组织。
- **步骤7**：命令池和命令缓冲区的管理，是控制渲染流程的核心组件。
- **步骤8**：最后，教程概述了主循环的实现，确保程序能够响应用户输入并持续渲染。
章节3讨论了开发环境的配置，针对不同操作系统提供了具体指南，如Windows上的Vulkan SDK、GLFW和GLM库，以及Visual Studio的设置。Linux和MacOS的配置也做了详尽说明。
此外，教程还深入探讨了Vulkan API概念，包括编码规范，以及如何利用验证层来检查代码的正确性，通过回调功能来处理错误和警告信息。
这份教程为学习和实践Vulkan图形渲染提供了一个全面且实用的框架，适合那些希望深入理解现代图形API的开发者。无论是初学者还是进阶者，都能从中找到有价值的信息和代码示例，从而提升自己的Vulkan编程技能。"
• Draw 3 vertices
• End the render pass
Because the image in the framebuffer depends on which specific image the swap
chain will give us, we need to record a command buffer for each possible image
and select the right one at draw time. The alternative would be to record the
command buffer again every frame, which is not as efficient.
Step 8 - Main loop
Now that the drawing commands have been wrapped into a command buffer,
the main loop is quite straightforward. We first acquire an image from the
swap chain with vkAcquireNextImageKHR. We can then select the appropriate
command buffer for that image and execute it with vkQueueSubmit. Finally,
we return the image to the swap chain for presentation to the screen with
vkQueuePresentKHR.
Operations that are submitted to queues are executed asynchronously. Therefore
we have to use synchronization objects like semaphores to ensure a correct
order of execution. Execution of the draw command buffer must be set up
to wait on image acquisition to finish, otherwise it may occur that we start
rendering to an image that is still being read for presentation on the screen. The
vkQueuePresentKHR call in turn needs to wait for rendering to be finished, for
which we’ll use a second semaphore that is signaled after rendering completes.
Summary
This whirlwind tour should give you a basic understanding of the work ahead
for drawing the first triangle. A real-world program contains more steps, like
allocating vertex buffers, creating uniform buffers and uploading texture images
that will be covered in subsequent chapters, but we’ll start simple because Vulkan
has enough of a steep learning curve as it is. Note that we’ll cheat a bit by
initially embedding the vertex coordinates in the vertex shader instead of using a
vertex buffer. That’s because managing vertex buffers requires some familiarity
with command buffers first.
So in short, to draw the first triangle we need to:
• Create a VkInstance
• Select a supported graphics card (VkPhysicalDevice)
• Create a VkDevice and VkQueue for drawing and presentation
• Create a window, window surface and swap chain
• Wrap the swap chain images into VkImageView
• Create a render pass that specifies the render targets and usage
• Create framebuffers for the render pass
• Set up the graphics pipeline
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