COL 12(9), 090601(2014) CHINESE OPTICS LETTERS September 10, 2014
1671-7694/2014/090601(4) 090601-1 © 2014 Chinese Optics Letters
Optical ber sensors have attracted considerable inter-
ests and many applications in various areas
[1–3]
. One of
them is in a high-precision continuous liquid refractive
index (RI) measurement
[4]
, which is the key to envi-
ronmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, and other
biochemical detection technology. Such technology pos-
sesses a variety of advantages including resistance to
electromagnetic interference, electrical insulating and
corrosion resistance properties, distant measuring, etc
[5]
.
Silica ber sensors, such as ber Bragg grating (FBG)
sensors, long-period ber grating (LPFG) sensors, sur-
face plasma resonance (SPR) sensors, and Fabry-Perot
(F-P) or micro-hole ber sensors, have been widely used
to measure the RI of ambient media and demonstrated
high sensitivity. Even then, there are still some prob-
lems that are diicult to overcome. FBG sensors based
on D-shaped ber
[6,7]
have weak strength and poor du-
rability because of the removal of the ber cladding.
LPFG sensors have a high sensitivity to the RI of the
ambient media but the multiple resonance peaks and
broad transmission resonance features may constrain
its measurement accuracy
[8–10]
. Silica ber sensors based
on SPR have diiculties in coating a suiciently thin
lm to a high quality on a ber. Silica ber RI sensors
based on F-P or micro-hole
[11–16]
are aected by having
a small RI range and a nonlinear response to the RI
variation, and materials are also expensive .
Besides silica ber sensors, the polymer optical -
ber (POF) sensors have also undergone signicant
development in the past years
[17,18]
. The main advan-
tages of plastic ber sensors are their ease of han-
dling, mechanical strength, disposability and easy mass
production of components and system. Furthermore,
the POF-based sensors do not require sophisticated
material, it can be easily automated and operated at
room temperature and varying pressure conditions.
The sensing mechanism of the POF sensors is done by
changing the ambient media around the ber cladding
which leads to the changes in the output power of the
ber, and then the ambient variation can be measured
according to the output power
[17,19,20]
.
We present a kind of plastic optical ber sensor
fabricated by femtosecond laser. Femtosecond laser is
proven to be an eicient micromachining tool to fab-
ricate many silica ber sensor devices. For example,
femtosecond laser has been used for the inscription of
FBGs
[21]
and the fabrication of microcavity ber-optic
sensors
[22,23]
. Femtosecond laser can also be used for the
micromachining of plastic optical ber sensors. Here
another kind of POF sensor with a micro-hole created
by femtosecond laser is proposed and demonstrated.
The sensitivity and linearity range of the sensors are
investigated with dierent micro-hole diameters. The
advantages of this kind of POF sensor are high sensitiv-
ity, good linearity, large measurement range, low-tem-
perature sensitivity, and low-processing cost. It is very
important for biomedical, chemical, and environmental
monitoring applications as well.
The micro-hole inscription into the ber was used by
a tightly focused femtosecond laser beam. Light pulses
generated by a regeneratively amplied, titanium-sap-
phire laser (center wavelength of 800 nm) were focused
into the POF by using a lens, with a focal length of
20 mm. The laser pulse width was about 110 fs, and
the repetition rate was 1 kHz. The laser energy used
for fabrication was about 0.5 mJ per pulse. In order
to investigate the inuence of dierent micro-holes, dif-
ferent diameters were drilled. The ber was mounted
on a three-dimensional mobile platform, so that the
micro-holes could be fabricated on the core of the bers
and that the desired structure of the micro-holes could
be inscribed by adjusting it. The aperture sizes of the
Liquid refractive index sensor based on
polymer ber with micro-holes created by
femtosecond laser
Wenchao Dong (董文超), Jue Wei (韦 珏), Xuehai Wang (王学海),
Zhihui Kang (康智慧), and Xiaofeng Xu (徐晓峰)
*
College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
*
Corresponding author: xuxf@jlu.edu.cn.
Received March 12, 2014; accepted May 20, 2014; posted online August 8, 2014
We present a liquid refractive index (RI) sensor based on step-index multimode polymer optical ber with a
micro-hole drilled by the femtosecond laser. The experimental results show that in the RI operation range of
1.333–1.473, the sensor has a good linear loss (dB) response to the liquid RI in the micro-holes and a high
sensitivity of 18 dB/RIU approximately. The experimental results are explained with the mode of the refrac-
tion loss caused by the hole–core interface and connection loss caused by the gap of the holes. The sensor has
many advantages including high sensitivity and low cost.
OCIS codes: 060.2370, 060.2310, 060.2300.
doi: 10.3788/COL201412.090601.