Zigbee无线网络技术：国外经典电子书解析

zigbee

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"zigbee wireless networking 电子书是关于Zigbee无线网络技术的一本国外经典著作，由Newnes Press出版。这本书深入探讨了Zigbee技术的核心特性、应用领域和标准化协议，旨在提供可靠、成本效益高、低功耗的无线网络解决方案，特别适合大规模监控和控制场景。" Zigbee是一种短距离、低功耗的无线通信技术，其设计目标是创建一个全球性的标准，用于连接大量设备，形成自组织网络，并能在没有人工干预的情况下稳定运行多年。Zigbee的主要特点包括： 1. 大规模网络：Zigbee能够支持大量的设备节点，并具有广泛的覆盖范围，可以自动组网，且运行稳定安全。 2. 极长电池寿命：设备从一对AA电池中可以工作数年，实现了极低的能耗，这对于需要长期工作的物联网设备尤其重要。 3. 低成本基础设施：Zigbee设备的制造和安装成本较低，同时保持较低的复杂度，使整体部署更加经济实惠。 4. 低数据速率：尽管Zigbee的数据传输速度相对较慢，但这恰恰是为了满足低功耗和大规模连接的需求，适合传输传感器数据等基本信息。 5. 标准化协议：Zigbee联盟制定的标准协议确保了跨厂商的产品间可以实现互操作性，促进了全球市场的开放竞争。 Zigbee技术在智能家居、工业自动化、环境监测、医疗健康等领域有广泛应用。例如，智能家居系统中的智能灯泡、温控器和安防设备可以通过Zigbee网络进行通信；在工业自动化中，Zigbee可实现设备间的无线通讯，提高生产效率；在环境监测中，传感器网络利用Zigbee低功耗特性，可以长时间监测各种环境参数。随着Zigbee联盟的不断壮大，成员公司数量超过225家，这意味着更多的专业经验和专业知识被整合到Zigbee技术发展中。这些公司共同参与标准制定，推动技术进步，确保Zigbee能够持续适应市场需求，保持其在无线通信领域的领先地位。这本"zigbee wireless networking"电子书不仅是学习Zigbee技术的基础教程，也是理解无线网络技术如何在物联网时代发挥关键作用的重要参考。通过阅读此书，读者将能够深入理解Zigbee技术的工作原理、设计考虑以及实际应用中的挑战与解决方案。

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Hello ZigBee 7

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1.1.2 ZigBee Is Cost-Effective

Obviously, a book is not the place to look for current prices, but at the time of this

writing, ZigBee is pretty cheap. And it looks like it is getting even less expensive

over time. A quick search for ZigBee chips (I used http://www.DigiKey.com ) yielded

inexpensive prices (see Table 1.1 ).

Most of the entries in the table are the price for a combination MCU and radio. That’s right,

a single chip solution yields prices in the $3 to $5 range, on average. One of the entries, the

Freescale MC13203, is a stand-alone radio that can be combined with any MCU or CPU.

The final two entries, the Digi International XBee and the Panasonic PAN802154, are

complete, ready-to-ship, precertified modules. Connect a couple of AA or AAA batteries

and a sensor or actuator to these boards, put it in some plastic enclosure, and ship your

product.

These prices are for low-volume sales. OEM and higher volume (10,000 ⫹ units) knock off

about a dollar, as a rule of thumb. And, as the competition for the 802.15.4 market stiffens,

the prices will likely be brought down even further. Some have predicted that the 802.15.4

radio market will see prices around $1 in quantity over the next three to five years.

But the low cost of ZigBee isn’t just about low silicon costs. In addition to low MCU and

radio costs, developing applications for ZigBee is cheap in other ways:

●

It uses the 2.4 GHz spectrum for worldwide distribution.

●

There are certification houses with expertise in 802.15.4 and ZigBee.

Table 1.1 : ZigBee Chip and Module Prices

Chip Price Type

Freescale MC13213 $4.43

MCU ⫹ radio

Freescale MC13203 $3.64 Radio only

Texas Instruments CC2420 $4.09

MCU ⫹ radio

ST Microelectronics SN260QT $7.25

MCU ⫹ radio

Ember EM2420 $4.70

MCU ⫹ radio

Ember EM260 $5.77

MCU ⫹ radio

Microchip MF24J40 $3.72

MCU ⫹ radio

Digi International XBee $19.00 Module

Panasonic PAN802154HAR00 $27.40 Module

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●

There are module vendors who provide ready-to-go ZigBee boards.

●

Its core technology is free of patent infringements.

●

It requires only low cost development environments.

●

ZigBee experts are available for consulting or custom engineering.

●

There are Application Profiles for ready-made vendor interoperability.

The 802.15.4 radios come in both 2.4 GHz and 915 MHz flavors. Radios in the 2.4 GHz

band may be shipped worldwide, license-free (that’s governmental RF spectrum license-

free, not license-free from the standpoint of vendor licenses). The 915 MHz band is

available license-free in the Americas. In either case, new RF boards must be certified

by the government to ensure they don’t interfere with other products in the intended

markets.

Some companies offer easy and relatively low-cost governmental RF certification,

including FCC certification in the U.S., IC in Canada, and CE Marking in Europe. Others

offer ZigBee certification, such as NTS and TUV.

Another cost saver, available because ZigBee is an international standard, is the

availability of modules. A module is a single board computer complete with an MCU

and ZigBee RF solution. Module vendors, such as Digi International, Panasonic, and LS

Research, provide precertified ZigBee modules, ready to communicate out-of-the-box.

Using this approach, the only development cost is software, and even that can be reduced

by using the sample programs which come with the ZigBee kits, or the built-in software

in the modules.

One other aspect that keeps the cost of ZigBee low is the ZigBee Alliance’s careful

choice of using patent-free technologies. ZigBee uses AES-128 bit encryption for

security, a standard that has no patents associated with it and is freely available

worldwide. ZigBee also uses AODV, a mesh networking algorithm in the public domain.

New members to the ZigBee Alliance must sign a disclosure statement regarding patents

in the area of ZigBee to help prevent members from slipping a patented technology into

the specification.

The development environment is generally inexpensive, and kits are available for around

$1,500, including the compiler, the ZigBee stack, some ZigBee boards, and all the

software and documentation necessary to develop ZigBee applications.

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Also, because of the ZigBee Alliance, a lot of expertise is available in the form of

consulting companies, training companies, or custom engineering services, saving time

for you or your development staff. Developer time can be the single largest expense

in a project, and reducing that time can save significant costs. San Juan Software, the

company I work for, offers ZigBee services. So does LS Research, Develco, Software

Technology Group, and others.

The ZigBee Alliance, which is the alliance of companies who developed and support

ZigBee as a standard, has also defined what are called Application Profiles. These

profiles describe how ZigBee devices interact, specifically between products of certain

types and within certain markets. For example, the Home Automation profile describes

how switches can control lights, how a temperature sensor sends its data to a thermostat

and how that thermostat controls a heating or cooling unit (heater or air conditioner).

A well-defined standard saves effort and money when developing products that need to

interoperate with other vendors.

Development costs are explored in more detail in Chapter 2, “ Deciding on ZigBee. ”

Multiple silicon and stack vendors, ZigBee modules and many available

resources all contribute to low development costs for ZigBee devices.

1.1.3 ZigBee Is Low-Power

What does the ZigBee Alliance mean when it says ZigBee is low-power? The simple

answer is that devices in a ZigBee network can operate for years on a pair of AA

batteries. Depending on the application, these devices can last the entire shelf life of the

batteries, which means if you placed the batteries on a shelf at room temperature with

nothing connected to them, they would run out of juice just as quickly as they would if

they were participating in a ZigBee network, about five years later. No, that doesn’t mean

ZigBee radios do not consume power, it just means that if managed correctly, devices can

last a long time.

Compare this to the time you get on your laptop battery: hours at best. Now, granted, your

laptop is powering a bright screen in addition to WiFi™. Compare this to the life of your cell

phone battery between recharging, especially one with Bluetooth™ enabled: days at best.

The real secret to low power consumption in ZigBee, in addition to radios and

microcontrollers that can sleep, is low duty cycle. A node on a ZigBee network does

not need to keep in constant contact with the network to remain on the network. In fact,

CH01-H8597.indd 9CH01-H8597.indd 9 7/28/2008 5:26:26 PM7/28/2008 5:26:26 PM

Hello ZigBee 11

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How to implement low power in ZigBee devices, and some of the caveats and tricks, are

described in Chapter 5, “ ZigBee, ZDO, and ZDP. ”

ZigBee devices can achieve 5 years on a pair of AA batteries.

1.1.4 ZigBee Is Highly Secure

For securing the network, ZigBee uses the National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). This standard, AES-128, is a block cipher

that encrypts and decrypts packets in a manner that is very difficult to crack. It’s one of

the best-known and well-respected standards. The reason it was adopted by ZigBee was

for the following key reasons:

●

It’s an internationally recognized and trusted standard.

●

It’s free of patent infringements.

●

It’s implementable on an 8-bit processor.

From the NIST Web site, I found this text describing the use of AES (also called

Rijendael), with regards to patents:

I, Joan Daemen, do hereby declare that to the best of my knowledge the practice of the

algorithm, reference implementation, and mathematically optimized implementations, I

have submitted, known as Rijendael may be covered by the following U.S. and/or foreign

patents: none.

I do hereby declare that I am aware of no patent applications which may cover the

practice of my submitted algorithm, reference implementation or mathematically optimized

implementations.

ZigBee provides both encryption, which means that packets cannot be understood

by listening nodes who are not aware of the key, and authentication, which means a

malicious node cannot inject false packets into the network and expect the ZigBee nodes

to do anything with them other than throw them away. ZigBee has been very careful to

ensure the security solution.

To learn more about ZigBee security, see Chapter 7, “ The ZigBee Networking Layer. ”

ZigBee uses AES 128-bit security for encryption and authentication.

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