Django 4.0.1 使用与部署全面指南

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"Django官方文档，涵盖了从基础到高级的使用和部署教程，包括模型、视图、模板、表单、开发流程、管理后台、安全性、国际化与本地化、性能优化、地理框架以及核心功能等多个方面。" Django是一个用Python编写的开源Web框架，它遵循模型-视图-控制器（MVC）架构模式。Django的文档是学习和掌握该框架的关键资源，详细介绍了如何使用Django进行web开发和部署。 1. **模型(Model)层**： Django中的模型是数据库操作的抽象，定义了数据结构和行为。通过定义类并继承自`django.db.models.Model`，你可以创建数据库表的映射，包括字段、关系和方法。 2. **视图(View)层**：视图是处理HTTP请求并返回响应的部分，通常涉及业务逻辑。Django视图是接收请求并返回相应内容的函数或类。 3. **模板(Template)层**：模板系统允许开发者创建动态HTML页面，可以包含变量和控制结构，用于生成动态内容。Django支持使用模板语言来实现页面布局和设计。 4. **表单 Forms**： Django提供了一种方便的方式来处理用户提交的数据，包括创建HTML表单、验证用户输入、生成错误消息等。 5. **开发过程(The development process)**：文档详细解释了如何设置开发环境、调试技巧以及版本控制策略。 6. **管理后台(The admin)**： Django的内置管理后台可以让开发者快速创建一个用于后台管理的界面，可以方便地添加、编辑和删除模型实例。 7. **安全性和认证(Security)**：文档涵盖了防止SQL注入、XSS攻击、CSRF攻击等的安全最佳实践，同时讨论了用户认证和授权机制。 8. **国际化和本地化(Internationalization and localization)**： Django支持多语言网站，包括内容翻译和时区处理。 9. **性能和优化(Performance and optimization)**：提供了提高Django应用性能的建议，如缓存策略、数据库优化和代码效率提升。 10. **地理框架(Geographic framework)**： Django提供了地理空间支持，可以处理地理位置数据和地图服务。 11. **常见Web应用工具(Common web application tools)**：包括对邮件发送、静态文件处理、中间件、URL路由等方面的指导。 12. **其他核心功能(Other core functionalities)**：涵盖了Django的其他重要组件，如中间件、信号处理器、测试框架等。 13. **Django开源项目(The Django open-source project)**：介绍了Django的社区、贡献指南和版本发布策略。文档还提供了多个逐步教程，如"Writing your first Django app"，从创建项目到完成完整的功能，帮助新手快速上手。每个部分都详细且深入，旨在确保开发者能够全面理解和运用Django的所有特性。无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，这份文档都是宝贵的参考资料。

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Django Documentation, Release 4.0.1.dev20211215175435

Listing 3: mysite/news/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin

from . import models

admin.site.register(models.Article)

The philosophy here is that your site is edited by a staﬀ, or a client, or maybe just you – and you don’t want to have to

deal with creating backend interfaces only to manage content.

One typical workﬂow in creating Django apps is to create models and get the admin sites up and running as fast as

possible, so your staﬀ (or clients) can start populating data. Then, develop the way data is presented to the public.

2.1.5 Design your URLs

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality web application. Django encourages beautiful

URL design and doesn’t put any cruft in URLs, like .php or .asp.

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf . A table of contents for your app, it contains

a mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from Python

code.

Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:

Listing 4: mysite/news/urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [

path('articles/<int:year>/', views.year_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/', views.month_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:pk>/', views.article_detail),

]

The code above maps URL paths to Python callback functions (“views”). The path strings use parameter tags to

“capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs through each path, in order, and stops at

the ﬁrst one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches, Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is

blazingly fast, because the paths are compiled into regular expressions at load time.

Once one of the URL patterns matches, Django calls the given view, which is a Python function. Each view gets passed

a request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the pattern.

For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function news.views.

article_detail(request, year=2005, month=5, pk=39323).

10 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 4.0.1.dev20211215175435

2.1.6 Write your views

Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content for

the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.

Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the retrieved

data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:

Listing 5: mysite/news/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Article

def year_archive(request, year):

a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)

context = {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list}

return render(request, 'news/year_archive.html', context)

This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough for

non-programmers to use.

2.1.7 Design your templates

The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.

Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django

settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates with DIRS. If a template doesn’t exist in the ﬁrst directory,

it checks the second, and so on.

Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:

Listing 6: mysite/news/templates/news/year_archive.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>

{% for article in article_list %}

<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>

<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>

<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>

{% endfor %}

{% endblock %}

Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the article’s

headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup. They also can do dictionary-key lookup, index lookup

and function calls.

Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called a tem-

plate ﬁlter, and it’s a way to ﬁlter the value of a variable. In this case, the date ﬁlter formats a Python datetime object

in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).

2.1. Django at a glance 11

Django Documentation, Release 4.0.1.dev20211215175435

You can chain together as many ﬁlters as you’d like. You can write custom template ﬁlters. You can write custom

template tags, which run custom Python code behind the scenes.

Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”. That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %} does. It

means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has deﬁned a bunch of blocks, and ﬁll the blocks with the following

blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to deﬁne only

what’s unique to that template.

Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static ﬁles, might look like:

Listing 7: mysite/templates/base.html

{% load static %}

<html>

<head>

<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

</head>

<body>

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

Simplistically, it deﬁnes the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to

ﬁll. This means that a site redesign can be done by changing a single ﬁle – the base template.

It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with diﬀerent base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s

creators have used this technique to create strikingly diﬀerent mobile versions of sites by only creating a new base

template.

Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template system

is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you don’t have

to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML ﬁles, you can

read ﬁles oﬀ disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled from the

next.

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that lets you create RSS and Atom feeds by writing a small Python class.

• More attractive automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

The next steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your interest!

12 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 4.0.1.dev20211215175435

2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all the

possibilities; this guide will guide you to a minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python web framework, Django requires Python. See What Python version can I use with Django? for details.

Python includes a lightweight database called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/downloads/ or with your operating system’s package man-

ager.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

Python 3.x.y

[GCC 4.x] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

2.2.2 Set up a database

This step is only necessary if you’d like to work with a “large” database engine like PostgreSQL, MariaDB, MySQL,

or Oracle. To install such a database, consult the database installation information.

2.2.3 Install Django

You’ve got three options to install Django:

• Install an oﬃcial release. This is the best approach for most users.

• Install a version of Django provided by your operating system distribution.

• Install the latest development version. This option is for enthusiasts who want the latest-and-greatest features

and aren’t afraid of running brand new code. You might encounter new bugs in the development version, but

reporting them helps the development of Django. Also, releases of third-party packages are less likely to be

compatible with the development version than with the latest stable release.

Always refer to the documentation that corresponds to the version of Django you’re using!

If you do either of the ﬁrst two steps, keep an eye out for parts of the documentation marked new in development

version. That phrase ﬂags features that are only available in development versions of Django, and they likely won’t

work with an oﬃcial release.

2.2. Quick install guide 13

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