GCC编译器中文指南

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"Linux 下 Gcc中文文档是关于GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)的详细指南，适用于gcc版本4.4.0。GCC是Linux系统中广泛使用的强大编译器，由Richard M. Stallman和GCC开发者社区共同编写。该文档由GNUPress出版，并由Free Software Foundation支持。" GCC，全称为GNU Compiler Collection，是一套开源的编译器工具链，它不仅包含C、C++、Objective-C、Fortran、Ada和Go等编程语言的编译器，还提供了预处理、汇编和链接等工具。在Linux环境下，GCC是开发人员的重要工具，它能够将源代码转换为可执行程序，支持跨平台编译，使得软件能够在多种操作系统上运行。 GCC 4.4.0版本的文档可能涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **安装与配置**：介绍如何在Linux系统中安装和配置GCC，包括依赖库的安装、编译选项的设置以及自定义构建过程。 2. **使用命令行参数**：详述了在编译时如何使用不同命令行参数，例如 `-c`、`-o`、`-Wall` 和 `-O` 等，以控制编译过程，如生成对象文件、指定输出文件、开启警告和优化级别。 3. **预处理器**：解释了预处理器的作用，如宏替换、条件编译和头文件包含，以及如何调试预处理阶段的问题。 4. **编译器选项**：详细介绍了各种编译器选项，包括语言特定的选项，用于优化代码、处理错误和警告、生成调试信息等。 5. **链接器**：说明了链接器如何将编译后的对象文件和库合并成一个可执行程序，包括静态链接和动态链接的区别。 6. **调试工具GDB**：可能提及与GCC配套的GNU调试器GDB，介绍如何使用GDB进行源代码级别的调试。 7. **多语言支持**：讨论GCC对多种编程语言的支持，如C++的模板、C++11的新特性、Fortran的并行处理等。 8. **跨平台编译**：讲解如何利用GCC进行跨平台开发，编译目标为不同架构或操作系统的代码。 9. **性能优化**：提供关于代码优化的建议和技巧，包括编译器自动优化和手动优化。 10. **错误与警告**：列出了常见的编译错误和警告，解释它们的含义以及如何修复。此外，文档可能还会涉及编译器的版本控制、移植性问题、性能分析工具以及对GNU Free Documentation License的详细说明，允许自由复制、分发和修改文档。这个中文文档对于Linux开发人员来说，是一个全面了解和掌握GCC的宝贵资源。

Chapter 2: Language Standards Supported by GCC 5

2 Language Standards Supported by GCC

For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC attempts to follow

one or more versions of that standard, possibly with some exceptions, and possibly with

some extensions.

2.1 C language

GCC supports three versions of the C standard, although support for the most recent version

is not yet complete.

The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratiﬁed in 1989 and published in 1990.

This standard was ratiﬁed as an ISO standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There

were no te chnical diﬀerences between these publications, although the sections of the ANSI

standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. This standard, in

both its forms, is commonly known as C89, or occasionally as C90, from the dates of

ratiﬁcation. The ANSI standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale

document. To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c89’ or

‘-std=iso9899:1990’; to obtain all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should

also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’ if you want them to be errors rather than

warnings). See Section 3.4 [Options C ontrolling C Dialect], page 27.

Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical Corrigenda published

in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This amendment added

digraphs and __STDC_VERSION__ to the language, but otherwise concerned the library. This

amendment is commonly known as AMD1; the amended standard is sometimes known as

C94 or C95. To select this standard in GCC, use the option ‘-std=iso9899:199409’ (with,

as for other standard versions, ‘-pedantic’ to rec eive all required diagnostics).

A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC 9899:1999, and

is commonly known as C99. GCC has incomplete support for this standard version; see

http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.4/c99status.html for details. To se lect this standard, use

‘-std=c99’ or ‘-std=iso9899:1999’. (While in development, drafts of this standard version

were referred to as C9X.)

Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical Corrigenda published

in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that on rare o cc asions con-

ﬂict with the C standard. See Chapter 5 [Extensions to the C Language Family], page 259.

Use of the ‘-std’ options listed above will disable these extensions where they conﬂict with

the C standard version selected. You may also selec t an extended version of the C language

explicitly with ‘-std=gnu89’ (for C89 with GNU extensions) or ‘-std=gnu99’ (for C99 with

GNU extensions). The default, if no C language dialect options are given, is ‘-std=gnu89’;

this will change to ‘-std=gnu99’ in some future release when the C99 support is complete.

Some features that are part of the C99 standard are acc epted as extensions in C89 mode.

The ISO C standard deﬁnes (in clause 4) two classes of conforming implementation. A

conforming hosted implementation supports the whole standard including all the library fa-

cilities; a conforming freestanding implementation is only required to provide certain library

facilities: those in <float.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, and <stddef.h>; since AMD1,

6 Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

also those in <iso646.h>; and in C99, also those in <stdbool.h> and <stdint.h>. In ad-

dition, complex types, added in C99, are not required for freestanding implementations. The

standard also deﬁnes two environments for programs, a freestanding environment, required

of all implementations and which may not have library facilities beyond those required of

freestanding implementations, where the handling of program startup and termination are

implementation-deﬁned, and a hosted environment, which is not required, in which all the

library facilities are provided and startup is through a function int main (void) or int

main (int, char *[]). An OS kernel would be a freestanding environment; a program

using the facilities of an operating sys tem would normally be in a hosted implementation.

GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding implementation, or as the

compiler for a conforming hosted implementation. By default, it will act as the compiler for a

hosted implementation, deﬁning __STDC_HOSTED__ as 1 and presuming that when the names

of ISO C functions are used, they have the se mantics deﬁned in the standard. To make it act

as a conforming freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the option

‘-ffreestanding’; it will then deﬁne __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0 and not make assumptions

about the meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions noted

below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make your own arrangements for

linking and startup. See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 27.

GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted implementations, nor

yet all the facilities required by C99 of freestanding implementations; to use the facilities

of a hosted environment, you will need to ﬁnd them elsewhere (for example, in the GNU C

library). See Section 10.6 [Standard Libraries], page 564.

Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in ‘libgcc’, but there

are a few exceptions. GCC requires the freestanding environment provide memcpy, memmove,

memset and memcmp. Finally, if __builtin_trap is use d, and the target does not implement

the trap pattern, then GCC will e mit a call to abort.

For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and information concerning

the history of C that is available online, se e http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html

2.2 C++ language

GCC supports the ISO C++ standard (1998) and contains experimental support for the

upcoming ISO C++ standard (200x).

The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These

standards are referred to as C++98 and C++03, respectively. GCC implements the m ajority

of C++98 (export is a notable e xception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select this

standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’ or ‘-std=c++98’; to obtain all the diagnos-

tics required by the standard, you should also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’

if you want them to be errors rather than warnings).

The ISO C++ committee is working on a new ISO C++ standard, dubbed C++0x,

that is intended to be published by 2009. C++0x contains several changes to the

C++ language, some of which have been implemented in an experimental C++0x

mode in GCC. The C++0x mode in GCC tracks the draft working paper for the

C++0x standard; the latest working paper is available on the ISO C++ commit-

tee’s web site at http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/. For information

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