AIP ADVANCES 6, 085022 (2016)
Suppression of ion conductance by electro-osmotic flow
in nano-channels with weakly overlapping electrical
double layers
Yang Liu,
1,a
Lingzi Guo,
1
Xin Zhu,
1
Qiushi Ran,
2
and Robert Dutton
2
1
College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, China
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
(Received 21 April 2016; accepted 24 August 2016; published online 31 August 2016)
This theoretical study investigates the nonlinear ionic current-voltage characteristics
of nano-channels that have weakly overlapping electrical double layers. Numerical
simulations as well as a 1-D mathematical model are developed to reveal that the
electro-osmotic flow (EOF) interplays with the concentration-polarization process
and depletes the ion concentration inside the channels, thus significantly suppressing
the channel conductance. The conductance may be restored at high electrical biases
in the presence of recirculating vortices within the channels. As a result of the EOF-
driven ion depletion, a limiting-conductance behavior is identified, which is intrin-
sically di↵erent from the classical limiting-current behavior.
C
2016 Author(s). All
article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4962302]
I. INTRODUCTION
Nano-fluidic channels have important applications in membrane technologies,
1–3
analytical
sample preparation,
4–8
current rectification,
9–11
and field-e↵ect gating.
12–15
Understanding the ionic
current-voltage characteristics in such devices has been a focus of extensive research e↵orts. The
majority of the works pertain to channels that have strong overlap between the electrical double
layers (EDLs), i.e. the channel height is comparable to or even smaller than the Debye screening
length, ⇤
D
. In such a classical regime, a remarkable electrical characteristics is the limiting current
behavior, where the ionic current approaches a limiting value at elevated voltage biases; its cause is
well-understood as from the concentration polarization (CP) process.
2,4,16–19
There are other e↵ects
that are still under active study, such as the extended space charge layers, the vortex formation and
their relation to overlimiting currents.
5,20–25
In general, the electro-osmotic flow (EOF) inside the
nano-channels does not play a significant role in the classical regime.
26
More recently, nano-channels with weak EDL overlap have attracted great research inter-
est for their unique device characteristics and relaxed constraints on fabrication.
10,13,27–31
In this
new regime, both unipolar and ambipolar ion transport processes coexist; the EOF inside the
nano-channels can be significant and has been experimentally used for DNA translocation modula-
tion,
13,32
current rectification,
31
and enhanced molecular binding.
33
Its impact on the nonlinearity
of ionic currents has also been briefly discussed in a numerical study for nanopores that are
voltage-gated by embedded side electrodes.
27,28
In a previous work by Mani et al.,
6
the interplay
of the EOF and CP processes at the interface of micro-channel and nano-channel has been studied
comprehensively; it has been particularly shown that, under the non-propagation CP condition, the
ion concentration inside the nano-channel is suppressed by the localized CP e↵ect. In the present
work, we aim to numerically examine the nonlinear current-voltage characteristics in nano-channels
with weak EDL overlap and reveal a limiting-conductance behavior that is intrinsically di↵erent
a
Corresponding author: yliu137@zju.edu.cn
2158-3226/2016/6(8)/085022/8 6, 085022-1 © Author(s) 2016.