树莓派入门指南：从零开始探索无限可能

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lthough the Raspberry Pi has many

operating systems that are compatible

and configured for use with its hardware,

there are some which the users of the Raspberry

Pi have clamoured for since its arrival. Two of

these in particular are Android – the operating

system used on smartphones and tablets; and

Chromium OS – the development operating system

based on that used in Google Chromebooks.

At this time, there are examples of each available

to download and test on the Raspberry Pi. However,

they are extremely problematic and are considered

as being experimental by the developers and the

community as a whole. But that doesn’t mean they

are impossible to install or experiment with.

The main issue with these other distros is purely

one of experience. By this we mean that when

embarking on testing these distros you, as a novice

user, will most likely be stretching your working

knowledge of the Raspberry Pi to its very limits.

While this is a perfectly enjoyable experience for

some, for others it can be quite stressful, especially

when you’ve spent some time preparing the

work only to have it fail without reason. Therefore

our advice would be to take it easy, keep the

experimentation of the other operating systems

a fun project and accept that in the world of

computing, things do go inexplicably wrong from

time to time. Still, don’t be afraid to go for it!

Android on Raspberry Pi

Android is a Google-funded and developed Linux-

based operating system designed for mobile

devices such as smartphones and tablets.

Android comes in many versions, the latest

being version 4.4 (codenamed KitKat), and is a very

versatile and modern operating system. There are

literally thousands of apps available for it, and it

is continually improving and implementing new

technologies with every new release. However,

herein lies the problem: The modern smartphone is

a deceptively powerful device, several times more

powerful than the Raspberry Pi, with specifically

designed hardware inside. So porting such an

advanced operating system to a lesser specified

hardware base comes with many challenges.

In the summer of 2012, the Raspberry Pi

Foundation announced that a port of Android

version 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) is in the works and

features hardware accelerated video and graphics,

but lacks audio. Unfortunately though, it was pretty

unusable by anyone’s standards when installed on

the Raspberry Pi (Fig 1).

The Android on Pi project has since stalled, as Liz

Upton, who handles the PR work for the Raspberry

Pi Foundation, stated on the Pi forum: “We’ve got

a finite amount of engineering resources, and

we’re putting it into things that are important for

the educational purpose of the Pi, and making

the wider user experience better… Android

16 Raspberry Pi for Beginners16 Raspberry Pi for Beginners

The basics

Other operating systems

Learn about the efforts to bring Android and Chromium to the Raspberry Pi

WorldMags.net

development is dormant for now; we have things

that will benefit the

whole

community we’re

working on.”

Chromium OS

Chromium OS is another Linux-based operating

system. Designed by Google, it is the open source

development version of the Google Chrome OS

used on the firm’s Chromebooks.

Liam McLoughlin, aka Hexxeh, has been working

tirelessly over the last year or so to try to bring the

development Chromium OS to the Raspberry Pi.

Unfortunately though, he no longer has the time to

dedicate himself to the project. To quote his blog

entry: “I’d still like to see Chrome on the Raspberry Pi,

but I don’t have time for it at present, and I’m kind of

at a dead end in terms of where to go with it. It’s not

dead, so I might have something to share with you

in the future for this one.”

It is possible to install Chromium OS onto the

Raspberry Pi (Fig 2). However, the bad news is that

it’s terribly slow, to the point of being unusable, and

you’ll need to have some advanced knowledge of

how to compile and build images and packages, so

it’s not exactly beginner-friendly by any stretch of

the imagination.

Try them out

Should you wish to try the Android port on the

Raspberry Pi, take a moment to point your browser

to goo.gl/gT5De. This is the official wiki page for the

project and towards the bottom of the page you’ll

find the links to the relevant images.

Simply download the image and transfer it to

an SD card in the same way you transferred your

primary Raspberry Pi operating system. Then, insert

the SD card into the Raspberry Pi and apply power.

In time you should be at the Android start screen,

but be warned, it’s painfully slow, and using a

mouse is nowhere near as intuitive in Android as

using touch-screen technology.

Getting Chromium OS to run on the Raspberry

Pi is a little more complex than that of the Android

build. For starters, there are a few prerequisites

necessary; however, a blog post located at

goo.gl/bEQdk should get you on track and ready to

test Chromium OS on the Raspberry Pi.

The Raspberry Pi has the potential to play

host to some great distributions. We have only

scratched the surface here, and there are more

being tested, packaged and created almost

by the day. There is very little doubt that you

will come into contact with some, if not all, of

the distros that are mentioned throughout the

pages of this book. And we are fairly sure that

you will enjoy the time you have with each.

One thing to remember when trying out a new

distro, though, is that it’s a personal thing. What

works fantastically with one may not work well

with another.

If you are interested in looking into even

more distros, then take a moment to browse on

over to this Raspberry Pi page: goo.gl/PPc8z,

and have a look at the lengthy selection of

available distros.

Even more distros

Take your Pi even further with a different distro

Raspberry Pi for Beginners 17Raspberry Pi for Beginners 17

Q Fig 2: Chromium OS can be installed on the Raspberry Pi, but it’s terribly unstable and impossibly slow to use

Q If you do decide to test Chromium on the Raspberry Pi,

then get used to screens like this

Q Fig 1: Sadly, the Android on Raspberry Pi project has

stalled, but it’s possible it could return in the future

Q Don’t be put off by the experimental nature of

Android or Chromium for Pi. They just need more work

WorldMags.net

Raspberry Pi (Model A)

While more limited than Model B in terms of hardware connections, it’s still a capable little machine

he main differences between the two

flavours of Pi are the RAM, the number of

USB 2.0 ports and the fact that the ModelA

doesn’t have an Ethernet port. While that results in

a lower price for the Model A, it means that a user

will have to buy a powered USB hub in order to get

it to work with the desktop or online. The Model A

is more aimed at those creating electronics projects

that require programming and control directly from

the command line interface.

Both Pi models use the Broadcom BCM2835

CPU, which is an ARM11-based processor running

at 700MHz. There are overclocking modes built in

for users to increase the speed as long as the core

doesn’t get too hot, at which point it is throttled

back. Also included is the Broadcom VideoCore IV

GPU with support for OpenGL ES 2.0, which can

perform 24 GFlops and decode and play H.264

video at 1080p resolution. Originally the Model A

was due to use 128MB RAM, but this was upgraded

to 256MB RAM with the Model B going from 256MB

to 512MB. The RAM is shared with the GPU.

The power supply to the Pi is via the 5V micro-

USB socket. As the Model A has fewer powered

interfaces it only requires 300mA, without any other

external connections, compared to the 700mA

that the Model B needs. The standard system of

connecting the Pi models is to use the HDMI port

(supports v1.3 and v1.4) to connect to a HDMI

socket on a TV or perhaps a DVI port on a monitor.

Both HDMI-HDMI and HDMI-DVI cables work well,

delivering 1080p video, or 1920x1080.

Sound is also sent through the HDMI connection,

but if using a monitor without speakers then there’s

the standard 3.5mm jack socket for audio. The RCA

composite video connection was designed for use

in countries where the level of technology is lower

and more basic displays such as older TVs are used.

It also means that the Pi can be wired up to an old

TV at home without taking over the main TV or

computer monitors. Both video outputs support

PAL and NTSC standards.

18 Raspberry Pi for Beginners18

Raspberry Pi for Beginners

The basics

Micro USB power

The Micro USB adapter doesn’t come with

your Pi. It has a minimum rating of 500mA

for Model A and 700mA for Model B

HDMI port

Hi-res video output with sound comes

courtesy of the HDMI socket that can

power TVs and monitors at 1080p

SD card slot

An SD card slot is

provided on the flipside

of your PI. The maximum

size it can hold is 32GB

Audio out

It also features a

3.5mm jack plug

for audio output

Video out

RCA composite

video means you can

use your Raspberry Pi to

watch pictures and video

Single USB port

There is only one USB port on

Model A, so the first accessory

to buy is a powered USB hub

WorldMags.net

Raspberry Pi (Model B)

For most users Model B is the version of choice, with its extra RAM and ethernet port

he decision to name the Pi versions Model

A and Model B comes from the BBC Micro

of the early Eighties. The BBC ModelA had

fewer interfaces and RAM and so was cheaper; the

Model B eventually completely replaced it.

With the Pi, the situation is the same and for

most people, the Model B is the obvious choice.

It has more RAM and, instead of one USB port

connected directly to the SoC, it has a hub with an

Ethernet (10/100Mb) RJ45 port and two USB ports.

This means that a keyboard and mouse can be

connected via USB and internet access is available

with a direct Ethernet connection to your modem/

router. It means the Model B is easier and quicker to

set up and requires fewer extra hardware purchases

to make operational.

Aside from the RAM and USB hub, the hardware

is the same, so both models also feature the 8-pin

General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) header that

can be used for interfacing with electronics projects.

There’s also a CSI input connector for adding the

newly launched 5MP camera module.

There’s no hard drive in the Pi; it uses solid-state

storage courtesy of an SD card that plugs in. The

operating system and card must be set up on a

Windows or Mac computer, before booting the Pi.

The 26 pins of the GPIO offer a number of

different technologies for interfacing with the

outside world. Pins 3 and 5 are an Inter-Integrated

Circuit (I2C), which is a serial bus interface for

connection to simple devices using just two wires.

It’s limited to fairly slow speeds of up to 100Kbps.

On pins 8 and 10 is a Universal Asynchronous

Receiver/Transmitter (UART) for accessing the serial

console. There’s a clock signal pulse on pin 7 and

for more sophisticated sensors and simple displays,

there’s the Serial Peripheral Interface Bus on pins 19,

21, 23, 24 and 26. This is a two-way serial connection

with synchronised timing on pin 23, the SCLK.

Finally, over on pin 12 is a Pulse Width Modulation

(PWM) power supply for lighting up LEDs and

controlling simple motors.

Raspberry Pi for Beginners 19Raspberry Pi for Beginners 19

GPIO pin header

The GPIO pin header is

your doorway to a world

of connecting devices

and electronics for direct

control via the Pi

CSI connection

The recently launched 5MP

camera module plugs into here

and provides the Raspberry

Pi with the ability to capture

photographs and record videos

Ethernet port

Again, unlike Model A, Model B

features an ethernet port, so you

don’t need a Wi-Fi dongle as you

can connect to the internet

DSI display connector

You can attach an LCD panel

to your Pi via the DSI display

connector. It provides high

resolution display resulting in

flawless video output

The control centre

The main chip of the Pi is a

system-on-a-chip (SoC) that

houses the 700MHz Broadcom

CPU and the VideoCore IV GPU

Dual USB port

The main advantage of Model

B is that it has two USB ports

(as opposed to Model A). This

reduces the need of a USB hub

WorldMags.net

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