IBM SPSS统计学简易指南

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"2012 - A Simple Guide to IBM SPSS.pdf" 这是一份关于IBM SPSS的简单指南，适用于版本18.0和19.0，旨在帮助用户轻松入门IBM SPSS Statistics软件。该资源由Cengage Learning在2011年出版，版权归属Cengage Learning，所有权利保留，内容未经许可不得复制、扫描或部分复制。由于电子版权的限制，可能有部分第三方内容在电子书中被省略，但这不会实质性地影响整体学习体验。Cengage Learning保留在任何时候因后续版权限制而删除更多内容的权利。 IBM SPSS（Statistical Product and Service Solutions）是一款强大的统计分析软件，广泛应用于社会科学、市场研究、健康科学、教育等领域。本指南将介绍如何使用SPSS进行数据管理和分析，包括但不限于以下几个关键知识点： 1. **数据导入与管理**：SPSS允许用户导入各种格式的数据，如CSV、Excel等，并提供了方便的数据整理工具，包括变量定义、数据清理和数据转换。 2. **基本统计分析**：包括描述性统计（如均值、标准差、频数、百分比等）、t检验、卡方检验、相关性分析和回归分析等，这些是进行基础统计推断的基础。 3. **图形制作**：SPSS可以生成各种图表，如直方图、散点图、箱线图等，以直观展示数据分布和关系。 4. **复杂统计模型**：对于高级用户，SPSS支持更复杂的统计模型，如ANOVA（方差分析）、多元线性回归、逻辑回归、生存分析等。 5. **数据输出和报告**：用户可以通过SPSS创建专业报告，包含分析结果、图表和统计摘要，方便分享和解释。 6. **程序编写**：SPSS提供语法编辑器，用户可以编写SPSS Syntax来自动化重复的任务，提高工作效率。 7. **数据可视化**：SPSS 18.0和19.0版本可能进一步增强了数据可视化功能，提供更多的图表选项和自定义设置。本指南适合初学者，它将帮助用户掌握SPSS的基本操作，理解统计分析原理，并逐步提升到能够独立进行复杂分析的水平。通过学习，用户将能够利用SPSS对数据进行有效的处理和解读，从而做出基于数据的决策。

Chapter 1

Introduction to SPSS for Windows

In this chapter we provide a brief overview of the program and outline

the basic procedures for (1) entering your data and naming your variables,

(2) specifying statistical analyses, and (3) examining and manipulating your

output. Each of these steps is then discussed in detail in Chapters 2–5.

A Quick Tour of the Screen

The SPSS program is started in different ways depending on the installation.

Typically, the program is started from Windows by simply double-clicking

on the appropriate icon or by choosing it from a menu of options. After the

program is  nished “loading,” your screen should look like Figure 1.1. If

SPSS opens in a small window rather than  lling the entire screen, click on

the maximize button in the far upper-right corner to enlarge it.

Figure 1.1

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Introduction to SPSS for Windows 3

Note: Don’t be surprised if when SPSS  rst starts up, the screen shown

in Figure 1.1 is partially obscured by a small window asking “What do you

want to do?” and listing several options. If this happens, choose the option

“enter data” (by clicking on the little circle next to it) and then click OK; your

screen should now look like Figure 1.1.

Let’s take a quick tour of this screen. At the very top is a program title

(“Untitled—SPSS Data Editor”), as well as minimize, restore, and close buttons.

(If this window does not occupy the entire screen, a maximize button will ap-

pear instead of restore.)

The second line, which contains the words File, Edit, and so on, is called

the menu bar. Clicking on any of these words produces a pull-down menu of

options from which to choose in order to accomplish certain tasks. We use

several of these pull-down menus in this book.

The third line, containing a row of little pictures or icons, is known as the

tool bar. These buttons provide shortcuts for tasks otherwise accomplished

via the pull-down menus. For example, the button with the little printer on

it does the same thing as choosing File, then Print, from the menu bar. The

particular buttons appearing on the tool bar can vary widely. The functions

of these buttons are not necessarily self-evident from the little pictures, but

you can  nd out what a particular button does by resting the cursor (using

the mouse) on top of it but not clicking on it. When you rest the cursor on one

of these buttons, a brief phrase appears summarizing the button’s function.

We don’t use the tool bar much in this manual, but you might want to experi-

ment with it on your own.

The remainder (and majority) of the screen is occupied by one or more

windows for entering data, writing syntax, displaying output, and so forth.

When you  rst start the program, the window in the foreground (or, alterna-

tively, the only window visible on the screen) is the Data Editor.

Using SPSS for Windows: Overview

The Data Editor is typically the starting point for everything you do in SPSS

for Windows. It is a spreadsheet-style interface in which you enter your data

and specify the names of your variables. Once you have done this, you pro-

ceed to the subsequent steps of specifying the analysis you want and examin-

ing your results.

Step 1: Data Entry

The  rst thing you need to do, of course, is enter your data into SPSS and tell the

program what these data represent. The easiest way to do this is to use the Data

Editor, in which you will (1) enter the data into the rows and columns of the

Data Editor, and (2) name your variables. These names will be used to specify

the variables in your analyses. Chapter 2 explains these steps in detail.

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4 A Simple Guide to IBM SPSS

Statistics

Step 2: Specifying the Statistical Analysis

Once the data have been entered, the next step is to instruct SPSS to conduct

the speci c kind of analysis you want. There are two different ways of doing

this step; each has advantages and disadvantages.

In the Point-and-Click Method, the desired analyses are speci ed by using

the mouse to open menus and dialog boxes and to choose options from them.

This is generally the simpler of the two methods because it does not require

learning any programming language (syntax). Your computer program is,

in effect, written for you, behind the scenes and out of sight, based on your

choices. This method should be comfortable and familiar to experienced Win-

dows users, as the interface is designed to be similar to most other Windows

programs.

The second method, which we call the Syntax Method, involves using

SPSS for Windows in a more “old-fashioned” way—much as the various

pre-Windows versions of SPSS were used. In this method, you begin by  rst

opening a new window, called a Syntax Editor, and then typing commands

in the SPSS programming language that specify one or more analyses. Of

course, this method requires you to learn a little of the SPSS programming

language, which may sound a bit daunting at  rst. However, there are many

advantages to learning this method, not the least of which is that (as you’ll

see in subsequent chapters) you can do some things in the Syntax Method

that you cannot do using the Point-and-Click Method.

Chapter 3 explains the Point-and-Click Method in detail, and Chapter

4 explains the Syntax Method. In Part 2, we explain both ways of specifying

analyses for each of the statistical procedures covered. You can use one meth-

od exclusively, or go back and forth between them whenever you wish.

Step 3: Examining and Manipulating Your Output

Once the data have been entered and the analysis has been speci ed using

one of the two methods just described, a new window appears containing

the results of your analyses. You may want to print these results and/or save

them to a disk for future reference. You might also want to edit the output

somewhat (for example, by deleting unneeded parts) before printing or sav-

ing. We explain how to accomplish these tasks in Chapter 5.

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Chapter 2

Entering Data and Naming Variables

When you enter SPSS to analyze data, the  rst thing you need to do is type

in your data and tell SPSS what the data represent. You can do this most eas-

ily using the Data Editor (as illustrated in Figure 1.1). You may want to  rst

expand this window to  ll the entire screen (by clicking the maximize button

in the window’s upper-right corner) if it doesn’t already do so.

As in other spreadsheet programs, data are entered into a matrix in which

rows represent individuals or subjects (or whatever entities were measured)

and columns represent different variables (that is, things about those entities

that have been measured). At any given moment, one particular cell of the

matrix is the “currently selected” one, and is highlighted by a dark border.

Initially, this is the upper-leftmost cell (that is, the intersection of row 1 and

column 1), as seen in Figure 1.1. You select a new cell by using the arrow keys

on the keyboard or clicking the mouse on the desired cell.

To illustrate data entry and naming variables, consider an example in

which we have collected data on midterm exam scores for  ve students. Each

student has a value on each of three variables: (1) an identi cation number,

ranging from 1 to 5; (2) sex, coded 1 for males and 2 for females; and (3)

midterm exam score. The data are as follows (note that these are the  rst  ve

cases from the data in Chapter 6):

Student Sex Score

1 1 87

2 1 53

3 1 92

4 1 70

5 1 78

The following two steps—entering the data and naming the variables—

can be done in either order.

Entering the Data

Entering data into the Data Editor works just as you would expect. With the

upper-left cell (that is, row 1, column 1) highlighted, type the number 1 to

represent the  rst student’s identi cation number, and then hit the Enter key.

As you type, a 1 appears near the top of the window; when you hit Enter, it

appears inside the desired cell. Now use the right-arrow key to move one

cell to the right (or use the mouse to click on the cell to the right), and enter 1

again, this time representing the  rst student’s score on the second variable,

sex. Next, move right again, and enter into the cell the  rst student’s exam

score of 87. Now that the  rst row is completed, use the arrow keys or mouse

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