H.264与MPEG-4视频压缩：下一代多媒体编码技术

5星 · 超过95%的资源需积分: 10 192 浏览量更新于2024-07-25 收藏 4.41MB PDF 举报

"H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression: Video Coding for Next-generation Multimedia" 是一本由Iain E.G. Richardson编著的书籍，主要探讨了H.264和MPEG-4两种视频压缩标准在新一代多媒体中的应用。 H.264，全称为Advanced Video Coding (AVC)，是国际电信联盟(ITU-T)的视频编码标准，同时它也是MPEG-4 Part 10。这个标准是21世纪初发布的，旨在提供比前一代MPEG-4更高的压缩效率，从而在相同的带宽下传输更高质量的视频内容。H.264/AVC采用了更为先进的编码技术，包括： 1. **块运动估计**：在视频编码过程中，通过比较当前帧与前后参考帧之间的相似性来预测像素块的运动，减少需要编码的信息量。 2. **多参考帧**：H.264支持多个参考帧，使得预测更准确，可以处理更复杂的场景变化，进一步提高压缩效率。 3. **熵编码**：采用了Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC)和Context-Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC)两种熵编码方法，以适应不同场景的数据分布。 4. **高级预测模式**：包括多模式预测、分块预测等，允许每个宏块选择最合适的预测模式，提高了编码效率。 5. **空间和时间的冗余消除**：通过帧内预测、去块效应滤波等手段，减少图像内部的冗余信息。 6. **层次结构的编码结构**：支持灵活的编码单元大小（从16x16到4x4）和多分辨率编码，适应不同的编码质量和带宽需求。 MPEG-4 Part 2，虽然在H.264出现之前是主流的视频编码标准，但它的压缩效率相对较低。然而，MPEG-4 Part 2引入了一些创新特性，如对象编码和交互性，这些在H.264中并未得到延续，但它们对于特定应用（如流媒体和视频通信）仍然具有价值。本书详细阐述了这两种编码技术的原理、实现方法以及在实际应用中的优缺点。对于理解视频编码的基本概念，深入研究H.264和MPEG-4的工作机制，以及如何在多媒体系统设计中有效利用它们，都提供了宝贵的参考资料。由于技术的快速发展，H.264之后还有H.265/HEVC、VP9和AV1等更高效率的编码标准相继出现，但H.264作为基础，对于理解这些新标准的重要性不言而喻。作者Iain E.G. Richardson在罗伯特·戈登大学任职，这本著作体现了他在视频编码领域的专业见解和实践经验。无论是对专业人士还是对学习者，这本书都是一个宝贵的资源，可以帮助读者深入理解和掌握H.264和MPEG-4的核心技术，从而更好地适应不断发展的多媒体世界。

Foreword

Work on the emerging “Advanced Video Coding” standard now known as ITU-T Recom-

mendation H.264 and as ISO/IEC 14496 (MPEG-4) Part 10 has dominated the video coding

standardization community for roughly the past three years. The work has been stimulating,

intense, dynamic, and all consuming for those of us most deeply involved in its design. The

time has arrived to see what has been accomplished.

Although not a direct participant, Dr Richardson was able to develop a high-quality,

up-to-date, introductory description and analysis of the new standard. The timeliness of this

book is remarkable, as the standard itself has only just been completed.

The new H.264/AVC standard is designed to provide a technical solution appropriate

for a broad range of applications, including:

Broadcast over cable, satellite, cable modem, DSL, terrestrial.

Interactive or serial storage on optical and magnetic storage devices, DVD, etc.

Conversational services over ISDN, Ethernet, LAN, DSL, wireless and mobile networks,

modems.

Video-on-demand or multimedia streaming services over cable modem, DSL, ISDN, LAN,

wireless networks.

Multimedia messaging services over DSL, ISDN.

The range of bit rates and picture sizes supported by H.264/AVC is correspondingly broad,

addressing video coding capabilities ranging from very low bit rate, low frame rate, “postage

stamp” resolution video for mobile and dial-up devices, through to entertainment-quality

standard-deﬁnition television services, HDTV, and beyond. A ﬂexible system interface for the

coded video is speciﬁed to enable the adaptation of video content for use over this full variety

of network and channel-type environments. However, at the same time, the technical design

is highly focused on providing the two limited goals of high coding efﬁciency and robustness

to network environments for conventional rectangular-picture camera-view video content.

Some potentially-interesting (but currently non-mainstream) features were deliberately left out

(at least from the ﬁrst version of the standard) because of that focus (such as support of

arbitrarily-shaped video objects, some forms of bit rate scalability, 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 chroma

formats, and color sampling accuracies exceeding eight bits per color component).

Foreword

•

xvi

In the work on the new H.264/AVC standard, a number of relatively new technical

developments have been adopted. For increased coding efﬁciency, these include improved

prediction design aspects as follows:

Variable block-size motion compensation with small block sizes,

Quarter-sample accuracy for motion compensation,

Motion vectors over picture boundaries,

Multiple reference picture motion compensation,

Decoupling of referencing order from display order,

Decoupling of picture representation methods from the ability to use a picture for reference,

Weighted prediction,

Improved “skipped” and “direct” motion inference,

Directional spatial prediction for intra coding, and

In-the-loop deblocking ﬁltering.

In addition to improved prediction methods, other aspects of the design were also enhanced

for improved coding efﬁciency, including:

Small block-size transform,

Hierarchical block transform,

Short word-length transform,

Exact-match transform,

Arithmetic entropy coding, and

Context-adaptive entropy coding.

And for robustness to data errors/losses and ﬂexibility for operation over a variety of network

environments, some key design aspects include:

Parameter set structure,

NAL unit syntax structure,

Flexible slice size,

Flexible macroblock ordering,

Arbitrary slice ordering,

Redundant pictures,

Data partitioning, and

SP/SI synchronization switching pictures.

Prior to the H.264/AVC project, the big recent video coding activity was the MPEG-4 Part 2

(Visual) coding standard. That speciﬁcation introduced a new degree of creativity and ﬂex-

ibility to the capabilities of the representation of digital visual content, especially with its

coding of video “objects”, its scalability features, extended N-bit sample precision and 4:4:4

color format capabilities, and its handling of synthetic visual scenes. It introduced a number

of design variations (called “proﬁles” and currently numbering 19 in all) for a wide variety

of applications. The H.264/AVC project (with only 3 proﬁles) returns to the narrower and

more traditional focus on efﬁcient compression of generic camera-shot rectangular video pic-

tures with robustness to network losses – making no attempt to cover the ambitious breadth of

MPEG-4 Visual. MPEG-4 Visual, while not quite as “hot off the press”, establishes a landmark

in recent technology development, and its capabilities are yet to be fully explored.

Foreword

•

xvii

Most people ﬁrst learn about a standard in publications other than the standard itself.

My personal belief is that if you want to know about a standard, you should also obtain a

copy of it, read it, and refer to that document alone as the ultimate authority on its content,

its boundaries, and its capabilities. No tutorial or overview presentation will provide all of the

insights that can be obtained from careful analysis of the standard itself.

At the same time, no standardized speciﬁcation document (at least for video coding), can

be a complete substitute for a good technical book on the subject. Standards speciﬁcations are

written primarily to be precise, consistent, complete, and correct and not to be particularly

readable. Standards tend to leave out information that is not absolutely necessary to comply

with them. Many people ﬁnd it surprising, for example, that video coding standards say almost

nothing about how an encoder works or how one should be designed. In fact an encoder is

essentially allowed to do anything that produces bits that can be correctly decoded, regardless

of what picture quality comes out of that decoding process. People, however, can usually only

understand the principles of video coding if they think from the perspective of the encoder, and

nearly all textbooks (including this one) approach the subject from the encoding perspective.

A good book, such as this one, will tell you why a design is the way it is and how to make

use of that design, while a good standard may only tell you exactly what it is and abruptly

(deliberately) stop right there.

In the case of H.264/AVC or MPEG-4 Visual, it is highly advisable for those new to the

subject to read some introductory overviews such as this one, and even to get a copy of an

older and simpler standard such as H.261 or MPEG-1 and try to understand that ﬁrst. The

principles of digital video codec design are not too complicated, and haven’t really changed

much over the years – but those basic principles have been wrapped in layer-upon-layer of

technical enhancements to the point that the simple and straightforward concepts that lie at

their core can become obscured. The entire H.261 speciﬁcation was only 25 pages long, and

only 17 of those pages were actually required to fully specify the technology that now lies at

the heart of all subsequent video coding standards. In contrast, the H.264/AVC and MPEG-4

Visual and speciﬁcations are more than 250 and 500 pages long, respectively, with a high

density of technical detail (despite completely leaving out key information such as how to

encode video using their formats). They each contain areas that are difﬁcult even for experts

to fully comprehend and appreciate.

Dr Richardson’s book is not a completely exhaustive treatment of the subject. However,

his approach is highly informative and provides a good initial understanding of the key con-

cepts, and his approach is conceptually superior (and in some aspects more objective) to other

treatments of video coding publications. This and the remarkable timeliness of the subject

matter make this book a strong contribution to the technical literature of our community.

Gary J. Sullivan

Biography of Gary J. Sullivan, PhD

Gary J. Sullivan is the chairman of the Joint Video Team (JVT) for the development of the latest

international video coding standard known as H.264/AVC, which was recently completed as a

joint project between the ITU-T video coding experts group (VCEG) and the ISO/IEC moving

picture experts group (MPEG).

剩余306页未读，继续阅读

StudyHevc

粉丝: 9
资源: 6

H.264与MPEG-4视频压缩：下一代多媒体编码技术

halsted.press.h.264.and.mpeg-4.video.compression.video.coding.for.next.generation.multimedia.ebook-lib.rar

H.264 And MPEG-4 Video Compression Video Coding For Next Generation Multimedia

H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression

dirext11 h264

tar -xzvf abc.tar.gz -C dir01/

springboot自动重连redis

springboot自带的kafka配置参数

最新资源