Pro JPA 2：精通Java持久化API的全面指南

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"Pro JPA 2: Mastering the Java™ Persistence API 是一本由 Mike Keith 和 Merrick Schincariol 联合撰写的权威指南，针对的是Java™ EE 6标准下的Java持久化API（JPA）的第二版。这本书是自Java™ Persistence API 1.0发布以来的里程碑之作，见证了API从早期的稚嫩发展到如今主流的持久化解决方案。对于那些在第一版中初次接触JPA的专业人士来说，这是一本不可或缺的参考资料。 JPA 2.0带来了众多显著增强，包括但不限于扩展的对象关系映射（Object-Relational Mapping）、更灵活的对象模型设计、类型化的查询以及全新的Criteria API。这些新特性使得开发人员能够构建更加健壮和数据驱动的应用程序。对于已经熟悉JPA 1.0的读者，书中还提供了版本对比和提示，帮助他们了解哪些功能在新版本中有所改进或新增，以便有效迁移和升级。作为"专家之声®"系列的一部分，这本书由Java™技术领域的专家撰写，旨在为专业开发者提供实用且深入的知识。它不仅讲解理论，而且包含了大量的实践技巧，旨在帮助读者将JPA 2.0的优势应用于实际项目中。无论你是JPA新手还是资深用户，这本书都将是你提升技能，掌握最新JPA标准的宝贵资源。" 在这个详细解读中，作者不仅介绍了JPA 2.0的核心变化，还强调了它如何通过新的功能提升应用程序的性能和可维护性。此外，书中可能还会涉及最佳实践，如如何优化查询性能，如何处理复杂的数据模型，以及如何利用新API来实现更高效的数据访问和管理。Pro JPA 2: Mastering the Java™ Persistence API 是一本为JPA开发者提供全面学习和实战指导的实用书籍。

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xiv

Shared Primary Key ...........................................................................................................................283

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Multiple Mapped Attributes................................................................................................................284

Using EmbeddedId .............................................................................................................................286

Advanced Mapping Elements...................................................................................... 288

Read-Only Mappings..........................................................................................................................288

Optionality..........................................................................................................................................289

Advanced Relationships.............................................................................................. 289

Using Join Tables...............................................................................................................................290

Avoiding Join Tables ..........................................................................................................................291

Compound Join Columns ...................................................................................................................292

Orphan Removal.................................................................................................................................294

Mapping Relationship State ...............................................................................................................295

Multiple Tables............................................................................................................ 297

Inheritance.................................................................................................................. 300

Class Hierarchies ...............................................................................................................................300

Mapped Superclasses...................................................................................................................301

Transient Classes in the Hierarchy ...............................................................................................303

Abstract and Concrete Classes .....................................................................................................303

Inheritance Models ............................................................................................................................304

Single-Table Strategy ...................................................................................................................304

Joined Strategy.............................................................................................................................307

Table-per-Concrete-Class Strategy ..............................................................................................309

Mixed Inheritance ..............................................................................................................................311

Summary..................................................................................................................... 313

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Chapter 11: Advanced Topics............................................................................315

SQL Queries ................................................................................................................ 315

Native Queries versus JDBC...............................................................................................................316

Defining and Executing SQL Queries..................................................................................................318

SQL Result Set Mapping.....................................................................................................................320

Mapping Foreign Keys ..................................................................................................................321

Multiple Result Mappings .............................................................................................................321

Mapping Column Aliases...............................................................................................................321

Mapping Scalar Result Columns ...................................................................................................322

Mapping Compound Keys .............................................................................................................324

Mapping Inheritance .....................................................................................................................325

Parameter Binding .............................................................................................................................326

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Lifecycle Callbacks ..................................................................................................... 326

Lifecycle Events .................................................................................................................................326

PrePersist and PostPersist............................................................................................................326

PreRemove and PostRemove ........................................................................................................327

PreUpdate and PostUpdate ...........................................................................................................327

PostLoad .......................................................................................................................................327

Callback Methods...............................................................................................................................327

Enterprise Contexts.......................................................................................................................329

Entity Listeners ..................................................................................................................................329

Attaching Entity Listeners to Entities ............................................................................................329

Default Entity Listeners.................................................................................................................331

Inheritance and Lifecycle Events .......................................................................................................331

Inheriting Callback Methods .........................................................................................................331

Inheriting Entity Listeners .............................................................................................................332

Lifecycle Event Invocation Order...................................................................................................332

Validation .................................................................................................................... 335

Using Constraints...............................................................................................................................336

Invoking Validation.............................................................................................................................337

Validation Groups...............................................................................................................................338

Creating New Constraints ..................................................................................................................340

Constraint Annotations..................................................................................................................340

Constraint Implementation Classes ..............................................................................................341

Validation in JPA ................................................................................................................................342

Enabling Validation ............................................................................................................................343

Setting Lifecycle Validation Groups ...................................................................................................343

Concurrency................................................................................................................ 344

Entity Operations................................................................................................................................344

Entity Access......................................................................................................................................345

Refreshing Entity State ............................................................................................... 345

Locking .......................................................................................................................348

Optimistic Locking .............................................................................................................................348

Versioning .....................................................................................................................................349

Advanced Optimistic Locking Modes ............................................................................................350

Recovering from Optimistic Failures.............................................................................................355

Pessimistic Locking ...........................................................................................................................358

Pessimistic Locking Modes...........................................................................................................358

Pessimistic Scope.........................................................................................................................360

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xvi

Pessimistic Timeouts ....................................................................................................................360

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Recovering From Pessimistic Failures..........................................................................................361

Caching ....................................................................................................................... 361

Sorting Through the Layers................................................................................................................361

Shared Cache.....................................................................................................................................363

Static Configuration of the Cache .................................................................................................365

Dynamic Cache Management .......................................................................................................366

Utility Classes.............................................................................................................. 368

PersistenceUtil ...................................................................................................................................368

PersistenceUnitUtil.............................................................................................................................368

Summary..................................................................................................................... 369

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Chapter 12: XML Mapping Files ........................................................................371

The Metadata Puzzle................................................................................................... 372

The Mapping File ........................................................................................................ 373

Disabling Annotations ........................................................................................................................373

xml-mapping-metadata-complete................................................................................................374

metadata-complete.......................................................................................................................374

Persistence Unit Defaults...................................................................................................................375

schema .........................................................................................................................................376

catalog ..........................................................................................................................................376

delimited-identifiers......................................................................................................................376

access...........................................................................................................................................377

cascade-persist ............................................................................................................................377

entity-listeners..............................................................................................................................378

Mapping File Defaults ........................................................................................................................378

package ........................................................................................................................................379

schema .........................................................................................................................................379

catalog ..........................................................................................................................................380

access...........................................................................................................................................380

Queries and Generators .....................................................................................................................381

sequence-generator......................................................................................................................381

table-generator .............................................................................................................................382

named-query.................................................................................................................................382

named-native-query .....................................................................................................................383

sql-result-set-mapping.................................................................................................................384

Managed Classes and Mappings .......................................................................................................385

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xvii

Attributes ......................................................................................................................................385

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Tables............................................................................................................................................386

Identifier Mappings .......................................................................................................................387

Simple Mappings ..........................................................................................................................389

Relationship and Collection Mappings..........................................................................................391

Embedded Object Mappings .........................................................................................................398

Inheritance Mappings ...................................................................................................................401

Lifecycle Events ............................................................................................................................404

Entity Listeners .............................................................................................................................404

Summary..................................................................................................................... 406

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Chapter 13: Packaging and Deployment ...........................................................407

Configuring Persistence Units..................................................................................... 407

Persistence Unit Name.......................................................................................................................408

Transaction Type................................................................................................................................408

Persistence Provider ..........................................................................................................................408

Data Source .......................................................................................................................................409

Mapping Files.....................................................................................................................................410

Managed Classes...............................................................................................................................411

Local Classes ................................................................................................................................411

Classes in Mapping Files ..............................................................................................................412

Explicitly Listed Classes................................................................................................................412

Additional JARs of Managed Classes............................................................................................413

Shared Cache Mode...........................................................................................................................413

Validation Mode .................................................................................................................................414

Adding Vendor Properties ..................................................................................................................414

Building and Deploying ............................................................................................... 415

Deployment Classpath .......................................................................................................................415

Packaging Options .............................................................................................................................416

EJB JAR.........................................................................................................................................416

Web Archive ..................................................................................................................................418

Persistence Archive ......................................................................................................................419

Persistence Unit Scope ......................................................................................................................420

Outside the Server ...................................................................................................... 420

Configuring the Persistence Unit .......................................................................................................421

Transaction Type...........................................................................................................................421

Data Source ..................................................................................................................................421

Providers.......................................................................................................................................422

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xviii

Listing the Entities ........................................................................................................................422

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Specifying Properties at Runtime ......................................................................................................423

System Classpath ..............................................................................................................................423

Schema Generation..................................................................................................... 423

Unique Constraints.............................................................................................................................424

Null Constraints..................................................................................................................................425

String-Based Columns .......................................................................................................................425

Floating Point Columns ......................................................................................................................426

Defining the Column...........................................................................................................................426

Summary..................................................................................................................... 427

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Chapter 14: Testing ...........................................................................................429

Testing Enterprise Applications .................................................................................. 429

Terminology .......................................................................................................................................430

Testing Outside the Server.................................................................................................................431

Test Frameworks ...............................................................................................................................432

Unit Testing................................................................................................................. 433

Testing Entities ..................................................................................................................................433

Testing Entities in Components .........................................................................................................434

The Entity Manager in Unit Tests .......................................................................................................436

Integration Testing...................................................................................................... 439

Using the Entity Manager...................................................................................................................439

Test Setup and Teardown .............................................................................................................441

Switching Configurations for Testing............................................................................................442

Minimizing Database Connections................................................................................................444

Components and Persistence ............................................................................................................445

Transaction Management .............................................................................................................445

Container-Managed Entity Managers ...........................................................................................450

Other Services...............................................................................................................................452

Using an Embedded EJB Container for Integration Testing ..........................................................453

Best Practices............................................................................................................. 455

Summary..................................................................................................................... 455

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Chapter 15: Migration .......................................................................................457

Migrating from CMP Entity Beans............................................................................... 457

Scoping the Challenge .......................................................................................................................458

Entity Bean Conversion ......................................................................................................................459

Converting the Business Interface ................................................................................................459

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