C++编程语言教程 - Juan Soulié原著

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"C++官方入门经典PDF教程，由Juan Soulie撰写，内容通俗易懂，适合初学者。" 本教程是C++编程语言的基础指南，由知名网站cplusplus.com提供，作者Juan Soulié在2007年6月完成了最后修订。教程可在官方网站上找到，且在线版本会持续更新，可能包含修正和新的内容。教程及其所有内容受版权声明保护，仅允许个人打印或下载至本地硬盘，不得修改内容，禁止未经授权的分发、复制或在任何其他网站或电子检索系统中存储和传输。教程共分为多个章节，详细介绍了C++语言的基础知识和高级特性。虽然未提供具体章节列表，但通常C++教程会涵盖以下主题： 1. **C++简介**：介绍C++的历史、特点以及它与C语言的关系，帮助初学者理解学习C++的原因和目的。 2. **基本语法**：包括变量、数据类型、运算符、控制结构（如if语句、循环）等，这是编程的基础。 3. **函数**：讲解如何定义和使用函数，以及函数参数、返回值等相关概念。 4. **类和对象**：这是面向对象编程的核心，会解释什么是类，如何创建对象，以及封装、继承和多态等概念。 5. **内存管理**：包括动态内存分配、指针操作，以及如何避免内存泄漏。 6. **输入/输出**：介绍如何使用iostream库进行标准输入输出，包括cin和cout的使用。 7. **标准库的使用**：如容器（如vector和list）、算法、迭代器等，这些是C++标准模板库（STL）的一部分。 8. **异常处理**：讲解如何捕获和处理程序运行时可能出现的错误。 9. **预处理器和命名空间**：包括宏定义、头文件包含、命名空间的使用，以及它们在组织代码中的作用。 10. **模板**：深入讨论函数模板和类模板，它们允许编写泛型代码，提高代码复用性。 11. **高级主题**：可能涉及多线程、文件I/O、位操作、C++11及后续标准的新特性等。这个教程对于C++初学者来说是一份宝贵的资料，通过系统的学习，可以帮助读者逐步掌握C++编程技能，为深入学习和应用C++打下坚实基础。在学习过程中，结合实践项目和不断练习，可以更有效地理解和掌握C++的各种概念和技术。

A first difference with fundamental data types is that in order to declare and use objects (variables) of this type we

need to include an additional header file in our source code: <string> and have access to the std namespace

(which we already had in all our previous programs thanks to the using namespace statement).

// my first string

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

string mystring = "This is a string";

cout << mystring;

return 0;

}

This is a string

As you may see in the previous example, strings can be initialized with any valid string literal just like numerical

type variables can be initialized to any valid numerical literal. Both initialization formats are valid with strings:

string mystring = "This is a string";

string mystring ("This is a string");

Strings can also perform all the other basic operations that fundamental data types can, like being declared without

an initial value and being assigned values during execution:

// my first string

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

string mystring;

mystring = "This is the initial string content";

cout << mystring << endl;

mystring = "This is a different string content";

cout << mystring << endl;

return 0;

}

This is the initial string content

This is a different string content

For more details on C++ strings, you can have a look at the string class reference.

Constants

Constants are expressions with a fixed value.

Literals

Literals are used to express particular values within the source code of a program. We have already used these

previously to give concrete values to variables or to express messages we wanted our programs to print out, for

example, when we wrote:

a = 5;

the 5 in this piece of code was a literal constant.

Literal constants can be divided in Integer Numerals, Floating-Point Numerals, Characters, Strings and Boolean

Values.

Integer Numerals

1776

707

-273

They are numerical constants that identify integer decimal values. Notice that to express a numerical constant we

do not have to write quotes (") nor any special character. There is no doubt that it is a constant: whenever we

write 1776 in a program, we will be referring to the value 1776.

In addition to decimal numbers (those that all of us are used to use every day) C++ allows the use as literal

constants of octal numbers (base 8) and hexadecimal numbers (base 16). If we want to express an octal number

we have to precede it with a 0 (zero character). And in order to express a hexadecimal number we have to precede

it with the characters 0x (zero, x). For example, the following literal constants are all equivalent to each other:

75 // decimal

0113 // octal

0x4b

// hexadecimal

All of these represent the same number: 75 (seventy-five) expressed as a base-10 numeral, octal numeral and

hexadecimal numeral, respectively.

Literal constants, like variables, are considered to have a specific data type. By default, integer literals are of type

int. However, we can force them to either be unsigned by appending the u character to it, or long by appending l:

75 // int

75u // unsigned int

75l // long

75ul

// unsigned long

In both cases, the suffix can be specified using either upper or lowercase letters.

Floating Point Numbers

They express numbers with decimals and/or exponents. They can include either a decimal point, an e character

(that expresses "by ten at the Xth height", where X is an integer value that follows the e character), or both a

decimal point and an e character:

3.14159 // 3.14159

6.02e23 // 6.02 x 10^23

1.6e-19 // 1.6 x 10^-19

3.0 // 3.0

These are four valid numbers with decimals expressed in C++. The first number is PI, the second one is the

number of Avogadro, the third is the electric charge of an electron (an extremely small number) -all of them

approximated- and the last one is the number three expressed as a floating-point numeric literal.

The default type for floating point literals is double. If you explicitly want to express a float or long double

numerical literal, you can use the f or l suffixes respectively:

3.14159L // long double

6.02e23f // float

Any of the letters that can be part of a floating-point numerical constant (e, f, l) can be written using either lower

or uppercase letters without any difference in their meanings.

Character and string literals

There also exist non-numerical constants, like:

'z'

'p'

"Hello world"

"How do you do?"

The first two expressions represent single character constants, and the following two represent string literals

composed of several characters. Notice that to represent a single character we enclose it between single quotes (')

and to express a string (which generally consists of more than one character) we enclose it between double quotes

(").

When writing both single character and string literals, it is necessary to put the quotation marks surrounding them

to distinguish them from possible variable identifiers or reserved keywords. Notice the difference between these

two expressions:

'x'

x alone would refer to a variable whose identifier is x, whereas 'x' (enclosed within single quotation marks) would

refer to the character constant 'x'.

Character and string literals have certain peculiarities, like the escape codes. These are special characters that are

difficult or impossible to express otherwise in the source code of a program, like newline (\n) or tab (\t). All of

them are preceded by a backslash (\). Here you have a list of some of such escape codes:

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C++编程语言教程 - Juan Soulié原著

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