HEVC标准详解:高效视频编码技术概览

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"Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard.pdf" 高效率视频编码(HEVC)标准,也被称为H.265,是由国际电信联盟(ITU-T)视频编码专家小组(VCEG)和国际标准化组织/国际电工委员会(ISO/IEC)移动图像专家小组(MPEG)共同制定的新一代视频编码标准。HEVC的主要目标是相对于现有的视频编码标准,如H.264/MPEG-4 AVC,提供显著提升的压缩性能,预计在保持同等感知视频质量的前提下,可以实现50%的比特率降低。 本文件概述了HEVC标准的技术特点和特性。其中,关键术语包括:视频压缩、标准、HEVC、JCT-VC、MPEG、VCEG、H.264、MPEG-4、AVC。 一、引言 高效视频编码(HEVC)是ITU-T VCEG和ISO/IEC MPEG这两个标准化机构的最新合作项目,它们共同组成的合作团队被称为联合视频组(Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding, JCT-VC)。HEVC的诞生是为了应对日益增长的高清视频传输需求,以及在有限带宽下提供更高质量视频体验的挑战。 二、技术特点 1. **块划分**:HEVC引入了更细的块划分结构,允许在编码单元(Coding Unit, CU)、预测单元(Prediction Unit, PU)和变换单元(Transformation Unit, TU)级别进行灵活的划分,最大尺寸可达64x64像素,以适应不同场景的复杂性。 2. **多模式预测**:HEVC支持更多的预测模式,包括基于帧内预测的多种方向模板和帧间预测的多参考帧选择,以提高预测精度。 3. **熵编码优化**:HEVC采用了更高效的熵编码器,如上下文自适应二进制算术编码(Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding, CABAC),进一步压缩编码后的数据。 4. **变换和量化**:HEVC采用更灵活的变换系统,如基于离散余弦变换(DCT)的可变大小变换,以及改进的量化策略,以减少冗余信息。 5. **去块效应滤波器**:HEVC的去块效应滤波器(Deblocking Filter, DBF)进行了优化,以减少编码过程中产生的块效应,同时减少滤波过程中的计算复杂度。 6. **运动补偿**:HEVC支持更精细的运动估计,如半像素和四分之一像素精度,以及多方向运动矢量预测,以提高预测质量和减少错误传播。 7. **环路滤波器**:HEVC引入了更强的环路滤波机制,包括样点自适应环路滤波器(Sample Adaptive Offset, SAO),以改善图像质量。 8. **语法元素优化**:HEVC对编码语法进行了精简,减少了编码开销,提高了解码效率。 三、性能提升 HEVC的这些技术改进使得在相同的视频质量下,所需的比特率大约减半。这对于移动通信、在线视频流媒体、高清电视广播等领域具有重大意义,因为它可以在有限的网络带宽下提供更高质量的视频服务。 总结,HEVC标准通过一系列创新的编码技术,实现了视频编码效率的巨大提升,为现代多媒体应用提供了更高效、更节省带宽的解决方案。随着技术的不断发展,HEVC将继续影响并推动视频编码领域的发展。

Standard SPI Mode Standard SPI mode is selected when the Mode option in the Vivado IDE is set to Standard. The relevant parameters in this mode are: • Mode • Enable STARTUPE2 Primitive • Transaction Width • No. of Slaves • Frequency Ratio Send Feedback AXI Quad SPI v3.2 7 PG153 April 4, 2018 www.xilinx.com Chapter 1: Overview • Enable FIFO The properties of the core in standard SPI mode, including or excluding a FIFO, are described as: • The choice of inclusion of FIFO is based on the Enable FIFO parameter. FIFO Depth parameter is linked to Enable FIFO parameter. FIFO Depth limits the transmit and receive FIFO depth to 16 or 256 when FIFO is enabled. When FIFO is not enabled, the value of FIFO depth parameter is considered to be 0. A FIFO depth of 256 should be used because this is the most suitable depth in relation to the flash memory page size. • The valid values for the FIFO Depth option in this mode are 16 or 256 when FIFO is enabled through Enable FIFO parameter. When Enable FIFO is 0 and no FIFO is included in the core. Data transmission occurs through the single transmit and receive register. When FIFO Depth is 16 or 256, the transmit or receive FIFO is included in the design with a depth of 16 or 256 elements. The width of the transmit and receive FIFO is configured with the Transaction Width option. The AXI Quad SPI core supports continuous transfer mode. When configured as master, the transfer continues until the data is available in the transmit register/FIFO. This capability is provided in both manual and automatic slave select modes. As an example, during the page read command, the command, address, and number of data beats in the DTR must be set equal to the same number of data bytes intended to be read by the SPI memory. When the core is configured as a slave, if the slave select line (SPISEL) goes High (inactive state) during the data element transfer, the current transfer is aborted. If the slave select line goes Low, the aborted data element is transmitted again. The slave mode of the core is allowed only in the standard SPI mode.

2023-07-22 上传

Write a program to 1.Setup a simulating backing store in memory. Read the data from pdata.bin to this backing store. 2.Initialize a page table for process p, set the frame number to be -1 for each page, indicating that the page is not loaded into memory yet. 3.Read logical addresses one by one from la.txt. 4.For each logical address, a)if its page has been loaded into physical memory, simply find the frame number in the page table, then generate physical address, find and print out the physical address and data inside this address. b)if the page is used for the first time, i.e., in page table, its frame number is -1,then the page that contains this address should be loaded into a free frame in physical memory (RAM). Then update the page table by adding the frame number to the right index in the page table. Then repeat 4a). Assumption: 1.Assume the file la.txt includes the sequence of generated addresses from CPU. 2.Use a part of memory as backing store that store data for a process. 3.The backing store size is 128 bytes 4.The size of process p is 128 bytes. 5.The contents of p is included in a file pdata.bin which is a binary file. 6.Use a part of memory as RAM. The size of physical memory is 256 bytes, from 0 to 255. All the physical memory is available, allocating starting from beginning in sequence. That is, allocate frame 0 first, then frame 1, then frame 2…. 7.The size of a frame is 32 bytes, i.e., 5 bits for the offset in a frame, total number of frames is 8. At beginning, no page table is available for process p.

2023-05-24 上传