C++编程实践：提升程序设计技巧

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"Effective C++, 3rd Edition 是一本关于C++编程实践的书籍，作者通过55个具体的建议来帮助读者提升程序设计和实现的效率。本书覆盖了C++语言的关键方面，包括语言的多元性、常量和枚举的使用、对象初始化、构造函数、析构函数以及赋值运算符的处理等。" 在"Effective C++, 3rd Edition"中，作者首先介绍了C++的特性，将之视为多种语言的联合体，强调理解这一特性对于编写高效代码至关重要。他指出，应优先使用const、enum和inline替代预处理器宏#define，以提高代码的可读性和安全性。关于对象的生命周期管理，作者在Item3中提倡尽可能使用const，以明确表明对象的不变性，减少错误的可能性。同时，Item4提醒程序员在使用对象之前确保其已经被正确初始化，避免未定义行为的发生。在讨论构造函数和析构函数时，Item5揭示了C++编译器自动调用的函数，如默认构造函数和复制构造函数，而Item6建议显式禁止不希望编译器自动生成的函数，以防止意外的副作用。Item7强调在具有多态性的基类中声明虚拟析构函数，以保证正确地销毁派生类对象。在异常安全性和对象操作方面，Item8告诫开发者防止析构函数抛出异常，确保资源的正确释放。Item9指出，在构造或析构过程中不应调用虚函数，因为这可能导致不确定的行为。Item10和Item11关注赋值运算符：运算符=应返回对*this的引用，并且处理自我赋值的情况，以防止潜在的问题。这本书不仅涵盖了基本的编程技巧，还深入到C++的高级特性，如模板、STL、智能指针等，旨在帮助开发者写出更高效、更健壮的C++代码。书中的每个建议都配以实例，便于读者理解和应用。无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的C++开发者，都能从这些有效的实践中受益。

behavior to your advantage. Blind application of the Items in this book is clearly inappropriate, but at the same time,

you probably shouldn't violate any of the guidelines without a good reason.

< Day Day Up >

Effective C++ Third Edition 55 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs @Team DDUIntroduction

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< Day Day Up >

Terminology

There is a small C++ vocabulary that every programmer should understand. The following terms are important

enough that it is worth making sure we agree on what they mean.

A declaration tells compilers about the name and type of something, but it omits certain details. These are

declarations:

extern int x; // object declaration

std::size_t numDigits(int number); // function declaration

class Widget; // class declaration

template<typename T> // template declaration

class GraphNode; // (see Item 42 for info on

// the use of "typename")

Note that I refer to the integer x as an "object," even though it's of built-in type. Some people reserve the name

"object" for variables of user-defined type, but I'm not one of them. Also note that the function numDigits' return

type is std::size_t, i.e., the type size_t in namespace std. That namespace is where virtually everything in

C++'s standard library is located. However, because C's standard library (the one from C89, to be precise) can also

be used in C++, symbols inherited from C (such as size_t) may exist at global scope, inside std, or both,

depending on which headers have been #included. In this book, I assume that C++ headers have been

#included, and that's why I refer to std::size_t instead of just size_t. When referring to components of

the standard library in prose, I typically omit references to std, relying on you to recognize that things like size_t,

vector, and cout are in std. In example code, I always include std, because real code won't compile without it.

size_t, by the way, is just a typedef for some unsigned type that C++ uses when counting things (e.g., the number

of characters in a char*-based string, the number of elements in an STL container, etc.). It's also the type taken by

the operator[] functions in vector, deque, and string, a convention we'll follow when defining our own

operator[] functions in Item 3.

Each function's declaration reveals its signature, i.e., its parameter and return types. A function's signature is the

same as its type. In the case of numDigits, the signature is std::size_t (int), i.e., "function taking an

int and returning a std::size_t." The official C++ definition of "signature" excludes the function's return type,

but in this book, it's more useful to have the return type be considered part of the signature.

A definition provides compilers with the details a declaration omits. For an object, the definition is where compilers

set aside memory for the object. For a function or a function template, the definition provides the code body. For a

class or a class template, the definition lists the members of the class or template:

int x; // object definition

std::size_t numDigits(int number) // function definition.

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