专家级Oracle数据库架构：9i,10g,11g编程技术与解决方案

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"Expert Oracle Database Architecture" 是一本由 Thomas Kyte 撰写的关于 Oracle 数据库架构的专业书籍，主要涵盖了 Oracle Database 9i, 10g, 和 11g 的编程技术和解决方案。这本书得到了 Jonathan Lewis 和 Ken Jacobs（"Dr.DBA"）的推荐，并在第二版中得到了广泛的赞誉。在本书中，读者可以深入理解 Oracle 技术的精华。作者 Thomas Kyte 提倡的理性方法论和通过实例验证的求真精神，旨在帮助读者成为更优秀的技术思考者。这本书被誉为是任何 Oracle 从业者必备的重要参考资料之一，能够帮助读者充分利用 Oracle 技术。专家视角下的 Oracle 数据库架构涉及了多个关键知识点： 1. **数据库设计与架构**：讨论了如何设计高效的数据库架构，包括表空间管理、数据分区、索引策略以及物理存储结构的优化。 2. **性能优化**：涵盖了 SQL 语句优化、执行计划分析、缓存机制、并行查询处理等，以提升数据库系统的运行效率。 3. **高级特性**：介绍了 Oracle 的高级特性，如 Materialized Views、 flashback technology、RAC（Real Application Clusters）、Data Guard 和 GoldenGate 等，这些特性对于构建高可用性和灾难恢复解决方案至关重要。 4. **编程接口与工具**：探讨 PL/SQL 的使用、游标、异常处理、包的创建以及与其他开发语言（如 Java、C++）的集成，还可能涉及到 Oracle 提供的各种管理工具，如 SQL*Plus 和 Enterprise Manager。 5. **安全性与权限管理**：讲解如何设置用户权限、角色、审计和数据加密，确保数据库的安全性和合规性。 6. **故障排查与维护**：提供了解决性能问题、监控数据库状态、备份与恢复策略等日常维护的最佳实践。 7. **版本间的差异与升级**：分析了 Oracle 9i、10g 和 11g 各自的新特性和改进，以及如何平稳地进行版本升级。 8. **最佳实践**：书中贯穿了作者的经验分享和最佳实践建议，帮助读者避免常见的陷阱和误区。通过阅读 "Expert Oracle Database Architecture"，无论是初级 DBA 还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中获得宝贵的洞见，提升对 Oracle 数据库管理和开发的专业能力。这本书不仅适合数据库管理员，也适合系统架构师、软件开发者以及对 Oracle 技术有深度需求的技术人员。

■ CONTENTS

xiv

■ Chapter 12: Datatypes......................................................................................493

An Overview of Oracle Datatypes ................................................................................493

Character and Binary String Types..............................................................................496

NLS Overview .....................................................................................................................................496

Character Strings................................................................................................................................499

Binary Strings: RAW Types ..........................................................................................506

Number Types..............................................................................................................508

NUMBER Type Syntax and Usage .......................................................................................................510

BINARY_FLOAT/BINARY_DOUBLE Type Syntax and Usage.................................................................513

Non-native Number Types..................................................................................................................514

Performance Considerations ..............................................................................................................514

Long Types ..................................................................................................................516

Restrictions on LONG and LONG RAW Types ......................................................................................516

Coping with Legacy LONG Types ........................................................................................................518

Dates, Timestamps, and Interval Types.......................................................................523

Formats ..............................................................................................................................................523

DATE Type ..........................................................................................................................................525

TIMESTAMP Type................................................................................................................................531

INTERVAL Type ...................................................................................................................................538

LOB Types....................................................................................................................541

Internal LOBs ......................................................................................................................................541

BFILEs.................................................................................................................................................552

ROWID/UROWID Types .................................................................................................554

Summary .....................................................................................................................555

■ Chapter 13: Partitioning...................................................................................557

Partitioning Overview ..................................................................................................557

Increased Availability .........................................................................................................................558

Reduced Administrative Burden .........................................................................................................560

Enhanced Statement Performance.....................................................................................................564

■ CONTENTS

Table Partitioning Schemes.........................................................................................566

Range Partitioning ..............................................................................................................................567

Hash Partitioning ................................................................................................................................569

List Partitioning ..................................................................................................................................574

Interval Partitioning ............................................................................................................................575

Reference Partitioning........................................................................................................................581

Composite Partitioning .......................................................................................................................586

Row Movement...................................................................................................................................588

Table Partitioning Schemes Wrap-up.................................................................................................590

Partitioning Indexes.....................................................................................................591

Local Indexes vs. Global Indexes........................................................................................................592

Local Indexes......................................................................................................................................593

Global Indexes ....................................................................................................................................599

Partitioning and Performance, Revisited .....................................................................612

Auditing and Segment Space Compression.................................................................618

Summary .....................................................................................................................619

■ Chapter 14: Parallel Execution.........................................................................621

When to Use Parallel Execution ...................................................................................622

A Parallel Processing Analogy ............................................................................................................623

Oracle Exadata.............................................................................................................624

Parallel Query ..............................................................................................................624

Parallel DML.................................................................................................................630

Parallel DDL .................................................................................................................633

Parallel DDL and Data Loading Using External Tables........................................................................634

Parallel DDL and Extent Trimming......................................................................................................636

Parallel Recovery.........................................................................................................645

Procedural Parallelism.................................................................................................645

Parallel Pipelined Functions ...............................................................................................................646

Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ..................................................................................................................649

■ CONTENTS

xvi

Old School Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ................................................................................................652

Summary .....................................................................................................................656

■ Chapter 15: Data Loading and Unloading.........................................................657

SQL*Loader..................................................................................................................657

Loading Data with SQLLDR FAQs........................................................................................................661

SQLLDR Caveats .................................................................................................................................686

SQLLDR Summary ..............................................................................................................................686

External Tables ............................................................................................................686

Setting Up External Tables .................................................................................................................687

Dealing with Errors.............................................................................................................................693

Using an External Table to Load Different Files..................................................................................696

Multiuser Issues .................................................................................................................................696

External Tables Summary...................................................................................................................697

Flat File Unload............................................................................................................698

Data Pump Unload .......................................................................................................706

Summary .....................................................................................................................708

■ Chapter 16: Data Encryption ............................................................................709

Types of Encryption .....................................................................................................709

Data in Motion ....................................................................................................................................709

Data at Rest ........................................................................................................................................710

Manual Application Encryption...........................................................................................................713

The Oracle Wallet ...............................................................................................................................714

Transparent Column Level Encryption................................................................................................717

Transparent Tablespace Encryption ...................................................................................................719

What Encryption Is Not About ......................................................................................722

Implementing Manual Application Encryption .............................................................723

Reasons to Avoid the Manual Approach .............................................................................................723

Performance Implications of the Manual Approach ...........................................................................724

When to Use the Manual Approach ....................................................................................................729

■ FOREWORD FROM THE FIRST EDITION

xviii

Foreword

I first met the Oracle RDBMS some time in 1988, or possibly 1987, when my manager dumped a small

box on my desk and said something like: “There’s this new product called Oracle just coming into the

country. Play around with it for a few weeks and then tell us what it’s good for.”

The version was something like 5.0.22, and in those days it was a lot easier getting started with

Oracle. The entire printed manual set—including Forms 2.0, SQL*Report, and everything else—would fit

into a small briefcase and the documentation for the create table statement ran to about three pages.

If you check the PDF file for the 11.2 SQL reference manual, you’ll find that create table currently

starts at page 16-6 and runs on to page 16-79 for a total of 74 pages. The last time I checked the total page

count was for 9i, and that was more than 20,000 pages—and I doubt if the number has dropped in 10g

and 11g.

With three (fairly slim) manuals for 5.0.22, it didn’t take me very long to learn about everything that

Oracle was supposed to do and how to do it efficiently. There weren’t many options, so there weren’t

many ways to do things wrong. But how do you get started today when the core of Oracle is hidden

under a huge mass of options and features? Worse, the details you really need to understand are covered

by a mountain of information that is nice to have, but not critical to getting started.

The answer is simple.

Step 1: Read the concepts manual so you have an idea of what it’s all about.

Step 2: Read Tom Kyte’s book so that you can follow a rational progression of learning and

experimenting that leads you from your first “select ‘hello world’ from dual” to the day when you can

confidently say things like “we should use a range partitioned IOT with these columns in the overflow for

this table because … .”

Tom combines three things in this book: a conversational style that makes it easier to read about

technical details and understand the “why” behind the “how”; a structured “storyline” so that you see

the text building towards a target rather than scattering a disjointed collection of random tips; and an

array of carefully constructed demonstrations that teach you how things work and how you should work

and think.

Consider just one example, indexing. There are many types of indexes, so we need a brief

introduction to separate the different types. It’s good to have an idea of how B-tree indexes (for example)

actually work so that we can understand their strengths and weaknesses. Then we can move on to the

idea of function-based indexes—indexes on “data that don’t really exist.” This gets us to the point of

understanding what Oracle can do, but we can (and do) go further with what we can do with Oracle. So

we see how we can put the pieces together to create an index that guarantees uniqueness across subsets

of the data, we see how we can—on a huge data set—create a tiny, low-maintenance index that identifies

exactly the data that we really want to access and minimizes the risk of the optimizer producing a silly

execution plan.

In principle, it’s all in the manuals, but only if we have the insight to take the naked descriptions of

the available commands and see how we can use them to construct solutions to real problems. Tom Kyte

supplies that insight, and then encourages you to go further in developing your own insights.

Frankly, if every DBA and developer in the world were made to work carefully through Tom Kyte’s

book, I’d probably have to start offering consultancy services to SQL Server users because the number of

clients needing Oracle consultancy would drop dramatically.

Jonathan Lewis

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