Pr3+ / Yb3+共掺杂卤化物玻璃在高效c-Si太阳能电池中的量子切割研究
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"这篇研究论文探讨了Pr3+ / Yb3+共掺杂的卤化卤化物玻璃在高效c-Si太阳能电池中的量子切割应用。通过在玻璃中掺杂Pr3+和Yb3+离子，可以实现高能光子转化为两个低能光子的下转换过程，从而提高太阳能电池的效率。实验中，研究人员采用熔融淬火技术在真空硅安瓿中合成了25GeS2-35Ga2S3-40CsCl卤化卤化物玻璃。当用474nm的光激发时，这种玻璃显示出可见光和近红外发射的特性。"
这篇论文的核心是量子切割技术在提高c-Si（单晶硅）太阳能电池效率上的应用。量子切割是一种光学现象，其中一个高能光子被转化为两个能量较低的光子，这种转换发生在特定的掺杂材料中，例如本研究中使用的Pr3+ / Yb3+共掺杂卤化卤化物玻璃。这一过程对于太阳能电池尤其重要，因为电池的效率受限于其吸收光谱与太阳光谱的匹配程度。通过量子切割，高能光子（通常超过电池材料的带隙能量）可以转化为更易被电池吸收的低能光子，从而增加光子的利用率，提高光电转换效率。
Pr3+ 和 Yb3+ 离子作为掺杂剂的角色在于它们各自的能级结构。Pr3+ 离子通常具有多个能级，可以吸收高能光子并转移到激发态，随后通过非辐射过程将能量传递给Yb3+离子。Yb3+ 离子因其在近红外区域的强烈发射而著名，它的低能发射与硅太阳能电池的吸收范围相匹配。因此，这种掺杂策略可以有效地把原本无法被电池吸收的高能光子转化为可吸收的光子，增加了能量转化的潜力。
在实验中，25GeS2-35Ga2S3-40CsCl卤化卤化物玻璃的合成是通过熔融淬火法进行的，这是一种常见的制备无机玻璃的方法，涉及高温熔化原料后迅速冷却形成非晶态材料。这种特定玻璃组合的选择可能是因为其优良的光学性能和对掺杂离子的稳定容纳能力。
通过474nm的光激发，观察到的可见光和近红外发射表明Pr3+ / Yb3+掺杂成功地实现了量子切割效应。这些发射谱线反映了掺杂离子之间的能量转移过程，证明了该材料在实际太阳能电池应用中的潜力。
这项研究展示了Pr3+ / Yb3+共掺杂卤化卤化物玻璃作为一种有效的量子切割介质，有望提高c-Si太阳能电池的能源转化效率，为未来太阳能电池技术的优化提供了新的方向。
Quantum cutting in Pr
3+
-Yb
3+
codoped chalcohalide
glasses for high-efficiency c-Si solar cells
Yin-Sheng Xu,
1
Fei Huang,
1,2
Bo Fan,
3
Chang-Gui Lin,
1
Shi-Xun Dai,
1,
* Li-Yan Chen,
1,2
Qiu-Hua Nie,
1,2
Hong-Li Ma,
3
and Xiang-Hua Zhang
3
1
Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Advanced Technology Research Institute,
Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
2
College of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
3
Laboratoire des Verres et Céramiques, UMR-CNRS 6226, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes,
Université de Rennes 1, Rennes 35042, France
*Corresponding author: daishixun@nbu.edu.cn
Received February 4, 2014; accepted March 3, 2014;
posted March 10, 2014 (Doc. ID 204077); published April 3, 2014
Downconversion materials, which can convert one high-energy photon to two low-energy photons, have provided a
promising avenue for the enhancement of solar cell efficiency. In this work, the Pr
3
-Yb
3
codoped
25GeS
2
-35Ga
2
S
3
-40CsCl chalcohalide glasses were synthesized in a vacuumed silica ampoule by the melting–
quenching technique. Under 474 nm excitation, the visible and near-IR emission spectra reveal the energy transfer
from Pr
3
to Yb
3
ions, resulting in the intense 1008 nm near-IR emission for the c-Si solar cells. By tuning the
excitation laser power, it is determined that one visible photon has been cut into two near-IR photons during
the energy transfer process. With the help of an integrated sphere, the real quantum yields of near-IR emissions
were calculated. For the 0.2Pr
2
S
3
-0.2Yb
2
S
3
(in mol.%) codoped chalcohalide glass, the quantum yield equals
10.8%. Although this efficiency is still low, this result will open a new route to realize the efficient spectral modi-
fication of the solar spectrum. © 2014 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: (160.5690) Rare-earth-doped materials; (250.5230) Photoluminescence; (260.2160) Energy transfer.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.002225
Spectral conversion materials have provided a promising
avenue for the enhancement of solar cell efficiency [
1,2].
Until now, the most studied conversion material focused
on down-con version (DC) materials [
3]. Although the up-
conversion (UC) process is especially useful for solar
cells with a large bandgap where transmission losses
dominate, UC is a nonlinear process and needs strong
light power densities and low theory conversion efficien-
cies. Co nversely, DC is a linear process which makes it
possible to obtain high conversion efficiencies indepen-
dent of the incident power and allows for the use noncon-
centrated sunlight [
4]. As shown in Fig. 1, the spectral
response of a c-Si solar cell has very low efficiency when
the light is less than 500 nm. By using the DC layer, one
higher energy photon can split to two NIR photons. Each
of these photons can subsequently be absorbed by the
solar cell and generate an electron–hole pair. It is most
beneficial for solar cells with a smaller bandgap, where
thermalization losses are the major loss factor. DC of
UV or visible photons into NIR photons was first demon-
strated in Y; YbPO
4
:Tb
3
phosphor [5]. Through a
cooperative energy transfer process, the energy trans-
ferred from Tb
3
to Yb
3
and emitted emission around
1000 nm, which is just above the bandgap of crystalline
silicon. More recently, DC has also been reported in
several lanthanide couples, viz., Pr
3
-Yb
3
[6–10],
Tm
3
-Yb
3
[11], Tb
3
-Yb
3
[12], Nd
3
-Yb
3
[4,13],
Ho
3
-Yb
3
[14], Er
3
-Yb
3
[15], and so on [16,17]. Essen-
tially, the Yb
3
ions are the main active ions for its simple
two levels (
2
F
5∕2
→
2
F
7∕2
) and the emission just suitable
for the c-Si solar cell. Based on Judd–Ofelt calculations,
the quantum efficiency (QE) of the desired NIR emission
can be very high, up to nearly 200%. However, the real
quantum yield (QY), defined as η is very low due to
the presence of impurities or the low energy transfer
efficiency. In our previous work, the η of NIR emission
in Pr
3
-Yb
3
-doped oxyfluoride glass is only 12% [7].
Until now, the reported maximum η of NIR emission
(<1200 nm) was 51% which was demonstrated in the
GeS
2
-Ga
2
S
3
-CsCl chalcogenide glass doped with Er
3
and Yb
3
[15]. Chalcogenide glass, which is famous for
its excellent IR transparency and high linear refractive
index and nonlinear coefficient, has very low phonon
energy (<350 cm
-1
) that can suppress the nonradiated
emission resulting from multiphonon relaxatio n (MPR).
Therefore, it is important to investigate the DC in chalco-
halide glass to find more efficient spectral modification
materials for c-Si solar cells.
In this Letter, near-IR DC in GeS
2
-Ga
2
S
3
-CsCl glass
codoped with Pr
3
-Yb
3
ions is studied. The (Pr, Yb) pair
is chosen because the transitions between the depopula-
tion of the Pr
3
:
3
P
0
excited state can occur through
two sequential energy transfer steps between Pr
3
and
Yb
3
ions with Pr
3
:
1
G
4
acting as the intermediate level,
Fig. 1. AM1.5G spectrum showing (a) the response curve of
c-Si solar cells, (b) a typical excitation spectrum at 980 nm,
and (c) the emission spectrum under 474 nm excitation for
Pr
3
-Yb
3
ions.
April 15, 2014 / Vol. 39, No. 8 / OPTICS LETTERS 2225
0146-9592/14/082225-04$15.00/0 © 2014 Optical Society of America
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