Pr3+掺杂GeS2-Ga2S3-CdI2卤化物玻璃的中红外发射研究
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"掺杂Pr3+的GeS2-Ga2S3-CdI2卤化卤化物玻璃在中红外区域的发射特性研究"
这篇研究论文深入探讨了Pr3+掺杂的GeS2-Ga2S3-CdI2卤化卤化物玻璃在中红外区域的发光性能。这种玻璃材料的独特性质使其成为中红外光纤激光器应用的潜在候选材料。论文主要关注玻璃组成对光谱特性的影响，并尝试发现新的中红外材料。
作者们通过一系列实验制备了一系列Pr3+掺杂的(100 - x)(0.8GeS2 - 0.2Ga2S3)xCdI2(x = 5, 10, 15, 20)卤化卤化物玻璃。他们利用2.01毫米的Tm3+:YAG晶体作为激发源，在室温下观察到了这些硫化物玻璃中Pr3+离子的4.6毫米中红外荧光发射。这一发现表明，Pr3+离子在该玻璃系统中可以有效地作为中红外光子的发射中心。
中红外发射是由于Pr3+离子的能级结构和玻璃基质的协同作用产生的。Pr3+离子具有丰富的能级，可以实现多波长的光发射。在GeS2-Ga2S3-CdI2体系中，不同比例的成分可以调整Pr3+离子的能级与基质之间的能量匹配，从而优化中红外发射效率。此外，卤化卤化物玻璃的非晶态结构提供了优良的光学均匀性和良好的热稳定性能，有利于光子的传播和能量传递。
文章进一步分析了玻璃成分x的变化对Pr3+离子发射强度、寿命以及光谱分布的影响。通过这些研究，作者可能发现了最佳的x值，以获得最强的中红外发射。这些结果对于理解和设计新型的中红外激光材料至关重要，因为它们可以为开发高功率、高效率的中红外激光光源提供理论基础。
这篇论文揭示了Pr3+掺杂的GeS2-Ga2S3-CdI2卤化卤化物玻璃在中红外光电子领域的潜力，不仅加深了我们对这类材料光谱特性的理解，也为未来中红外技术的发展开辟了新的道路。通过精细调控玻璃成分，科研人员可以进一步优化材料性能，以满足各种实际应用的需求，如医学成像、气体检测、通信和国防技术等。
Mid-infrared
emissions
of
Pr
3+
-doped
GeS
2
–Ga
2
S
3
–CdI
2
chalcohalide
glasses
Chunfeng
Lu
a
,
Haitao
Guo
a,
*
,
Yantao
Xu
a
,
Chaoqi
Hou
a
,
Min
Lu
a
,
Xin
He
b
,
Pengfei
Wang
a
,
Weinan
Li
a
,
Bo
Peng
a,
*
a
State
Key
Laboratory
of
Transient
Optics
and
Photonics,
Xi’an
Institute
of
Optics
and
precision
Mechanics,
Chinese
Academy
of
Science
(CAS),
Xi’an,
Shaanxi
710119,
PR
China
b
School
of
Applied
Physics
and
Materials,
Wuyi
University,
Jiangmen,
Guangdong
529020,
PR
China
A
R
T
I
C
L
E
I
N
F
O
Article
history:
Received
8
July
2013
Received
in
revised
form
12
July
2013
Accepted
1
September
2014
Available
online
3
September
2014
Keywords:
A.
Chalcogenides
A.
Glasses
B.
Luminescence
B.
Optical
properties
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
For
elucidation
of
the
glass
composition’s
influence
on
the
spectroscopic
properties
in
the
chalcohalide
system
and
the
discovery
of
a
new
material
for
applications
in
mid-infrared
fiber-lasers,
a
serial
Pr
3
+
-doped
(100
x)(0.8GeS
2
0.2Ga
2
S
3
)xCdI
2
(x
=
5,
10,
15
and
20)
chalcohalide
glasses
were
prepared.
4.6
m
m
mid-infrared
fluorescence
emission
from
Pr
3+
in
the
sulfide
glass
is
successfully
observed
at
room
temperature
excited
by
a
2.01
m
m
Tm
3+
:YAG
ceramic
laser
system,
and
the
effective
line-width
of
fluorescence
band
is
106–227
nm.
Intense
compositional
dependence
of
mid-infrared
emissions
is
found.
The
radiative
rates
of
Pr
3+
ions
in
these
glasses
were
calculated
by
using
the
Judd–Ofelt
theory.
ã
2014
Elsevier
Ltd.
All
rights
reserved.
1.
Introduction
Compact
and
solid
state
laser
sources
emitting
in
the
3–5
mm
transparency
window
of
the
atmosphere
have
both
military
and
commercial
applications
for
imaging
and
remote
sensing
[1,2].
Pumping
the
rare
earth
(RE)
ion
doped
glass
fiber
by
near-infrared
(NIR)
laser
is
an
effective
and
direct
way
to
achieve
mid-infrared
(MIR)
laser.
So
far,
the
longest
emission
wavelength
of
infrared
fiber
laser
is
3.95
mm,
which
is
achieved
in
cryogenic
Ho
3+
ion
doped
ZBLAN
glass
fiber
[3].
Extending
to
a
longer
wavelength
is
difficult
because
that
even
for
the
fluoride
glasses,
they
have
limited
transmission
in
the
mid-wave
spectral
regions,
and
most
importantly,
relatively
high
phonon
energy
quenches
RE
ion
transitions
in
these
spectral
regions.
In
order
to
extend
the
emission
wavelength
of
fiber
lasers
beyond
4
mm
working
at
room
temperature,
host
glasses
with
lower
phonon
energy
are
necessary
[3].
As
hosts
for
rare
earth
ions,
chalcogenide
or
chalcohalide
glasses
possess
the
lowest
phonon
energy
of
250–450
cm
1
in
various
glasses,
resulting
in
low
non-radiative
decay
rates
and
high
spontaneous
emission
probabilities
in
MIR
region.
In
the
1990s,
studies
of
K.
Wei,
J.
Heo
and
D.W.
Hewak
[4–6]
have
shown
the
probability
of
room-temperature
MIR
fluorescence
beyond
4
mm
emitted
in
some
well-established
chalcogenide
glasses
such
as
Ge
30
As
10
S
60
,
Ge
25
Ga
5
S
70
and
70Ga
2
S
3
30La
2
S
3
.
The
RE
ions
are
mainly
Dy
3+
or
Tb
3+
.
We
also
investigated
the
4.3
mm
MIR
fluorescence
emissions
and
compositional
optimization
in
the
Dy
3
+
/Tm
3+
-codoped
GeS
2
–Ga
2
S
3
–CdI
2
,
GeS
2
–In
2
S
3
and
GeS
2
–Ga
2
S
3
–AgI
glasses
in
recent
works
[7–9],
proving
that
compositional
optimiza-
tion
can
effectively
improve
the
RE
ion’s
MIR
fluorescence
emission.
In
this
work,
we
prepared
the
Pr
3+
doped
GeS
2
–Ga
2
S
3
–CdI
2
glasses.
Compared
with
Dy
3+
ion,
Pr
3+
ion
has
an
advantage
that
it
has
large
absorption
cross
section
at
2
mm,
which
is
just
the
output
wavelength
of
Tm
3+
laser.
Whereas
the
best
pumping
for
Dy
3+
ion
is
the
unusual
1.7
mm
[10]
and
its
absorption
cross
section
at
general
808
nm
LD
pumping
is
very
small
[9].
In
the
past
several
years,
MIR
fluorescence
emission
at
room
temperature
from
Pr
3+
in
the
Ge–Ga-based
selenide
glass
have
been
reported
by
Shaw
et
al.
[11–14],
and
it
shows
a
very
broad
MIR
emission
band
which
covers
from
3.5
to
5.5
mm.
However,
in
the
Ge–Ga-based
sulfide
glass,
most
MIR
emissions
beyond
2.5
mm
from
Pr
3+
were
observed
at
cryogenic
temperature
(20
K)
[15].
In
this
work,
an
investigation
on
the
characterization
of
the
MIR
fluorescence
emissions
of
Pr
3+
ions
in
GeS
2
–Ga
2
S
3
–CdI
2
serial
glasses
was
carried
out.
MIR
fluorescence
emission
from
Pr
3+
in
the
Ge–Ga-based
sulfide
glass
is
successfully
observed
at
room
*
Corresponding
authors.
Tel.:
+86
29
88882501;
fax:
+86
29
88882501.
E-mail
addresses:
guoht_001@opt.ac.cn
(H.
Guo),
bpeng@opt.ac.cn
(B.
Peng).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.09.003
0025-5408/ ã
2014
Elsevier
Ltd.
All
rights
reserved.
Materials
Research
Bulletin
60
(2014)
391–396
Contents
lists
available
at
ScienceDirect
Materials
Research
Bulletin
journal
homepage:
www.else
vie
r.com/locat
e/mat
resbu
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