Go语言并发编程深度解析：构建高性能网络系统

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"《掌握Go语言并发编程》是一本深入讲解Go语言并发特性的技术书籍，由Nathan Kozyra撰写。随着编程语言的繁荣，尤其是在C语言诞生后的几十年里，多线程、内存缓存和API的发展推动了各种语言和应用间的协作，如Perl、Python、Ruby、PHP和JavaScript等。然而，直到最近，市场上仍缺乏一种强大、编译型、跨平台且特别适合系统程序员的并发支持语言。 Go语言，作为一个新兴的语言，以其简洁的语法、高效的并发特性脱颖而出。本书旨在帮助读者理解和利用Go语言的并发功能，开发和构建快速、可扩展的网络系统。Go语言的设计初衷是解决传统语言在并发处理中的挑战，如线程安全、同步问题以及性能优化。它的并发模型，包括goroutines（轻量级线程）和channels（通信机制），使得并行编程变得更加直观和易于管理。书中内容覆盖了Go语言并发编程的基础，如如何创建和管理goroutines，使用channels进行数据传递，以及处理并发中的错误和同步。此外，作者还会探讨如何利用Go的并发特性来提升系统性能，如利用并发执行任务池、避免阻塞IO和死锁等问题。同时，本书还将涉及Go在分布式系统、微服务架构以及云计算环境中的应用实例，使读者能够实际操作并掌握在现代软件开发中至关重要的并发编程技巧。值得注意的是，由于版权原因，未经出版商书面许可，本书的部分内容不能被复制或传播。尽管作者和Packt Publishing努力确保信息的准确性，但书中的所有内容均不提供任何形式的保修，也不承担因本书导致的直接或间接损失的责任。在引用本书时，应遵循适当的版权规定，正确使用专有名词。通过阅读《Mastering Concurrency in Go》，开发者不仅可以提升自己的技术栈，还可以适应现代软件开发对高性能并发处理的需求，成为Go语言的高手，并为构建高效、可靠的系统奠定坚实基础。"

Preface

I just love new programming languages. Perhaps it's the inevitable familiarity

and ennui with regard to existing languages and the frustration with existing tools,

syntaxes, coding conventions, and performance. Maybe I'm just hunting for that one

"language to rule them all". Whatever the reason, any time a new or experimental

language is released, I have to dive right in.

This has been a golden age for new languages and language design. Think about

it: the C language was released in the early 1970s—a time when resources were so

scarce that verbosity, clarity, and syntactical logic were often eschewed for thrift.

And most of the languages we use today were either originally written in this era

or were directly inuenced by those languages.

Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, there has been a slow ood of powerful new

languages and paradigms—Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, and JavaScript—have taken

an expanding user base by storm and has become one of the most popular languages

(up there with stalwarts such as C, C++, and Java). Multithreading, memory caching,

and APIs have allowed multiple processes, dissonant languages, applications, and

even separate operating systems to work in congress.

And while this is great, there's a niche that until very recently was largely unserved:

powerful, compiled, cross-platform languages with concurrency support that are

geared towards systems programmers.

Preface

[ 2 ]

Very few languages match these parameters. Sure, there have been lower-level

languages that fulll some of these characteristics. Erlang and Haskell t the bill in

terms of power and language design, but as functional languages they pose a learning

barrier for systems programmers coming from a C/Java background. Objective-C

and C# are relatively easy, powerful, and have concurrency support—but they're

bound enough to a specic OS to make programming for other platforms arduous.

The languages we just mentioned (Python, JavaScript, and so on)—while extremely

popular—are largely interpreted languages, forcing performance into a secondary

role. You can use most of them for systems programming, but in many ways it's the

proverbial square peg in a round hole. So when Google announced Go in 2009, my

interest was piqued. When I saw who was behind the project (more on that later), I

was elated. When I saw the language and its design in action, I was in heaven.

For the last few years I've been using Go to replace systems applications I'd

previously written in C, Java, Perl, and Python. I couldn't be happier with the results.

Implementing Go has improved these applications in almost every instance. The fact

that it plays nicely with C is another huge selling point for systems programmers

looking to dip their toes in Go's pool.

With some of the best minds in language design (and programming in general)

behind it, Go has a bright future.

For years—decades, really—there have been less than a handful of options for

writing servers and network interfaces. If you were tasked with writing one, you

probably reached for C, C++, or Java. And while these certainly can handle the task,

and while they all now support concurrency and parallelism in some way or another,

they weren't designed for that.

Google brought together a team that included some giants of programming—Rob

Pike and Ken Thompson of Bell Labs fame and Robert Griesemer, who worked on

Google's JavaScript implementation V8—to design a modern, concurrent language

with development ease at the forefront.

To do this, the team focused on some sore spots in the alternatives, which are

as follows:

• Dynamically typed languages have—in recent years—become incredibly

popular. Go eschews the explicit, "cumbersome" type systems of Java or

C++. Go uses type inference, which saves development time, but is still

also strongly typed.

• Concurrency, parallelism, pointers/memory access, and garbage collection

are unwieldy in the aforementioned languages. Go lets these concepts be as

easy or as complicated as you want or need them to be.

Preface

[ 3 ]

• As a newer language, Go has a focus on multicore design that was a

necessary afterthought in languages such as C++.

• Go's compiler is super-fast; it's so fast that there are implementations

of it that treat Go code as interpreted.

• Although Google designed Go to be a systems language, it's versatile

enough to be used in a myriad of ways. Certainly, the focus on advanced,

cheap concurrency makes it ideal for network and systems programming.

• Go is loose with syntax, but strict with usage. By this we mean that Go will

let you get a little lazy with some lexer tokens, but you still have to produce

fundamentally tight code. As Go provides a formatting tool that attempts

to clarify your code, you can also spend less time on readability concerns

as you're coding.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, An Introduction to Concurrency in Go, introduces goroutines and channels,

and will compare the way Go handles concurrency with the approach other

languages use. We'll build some basic concurrent applications utilizing these

new concepts.

Chapter 2, Understanding the Concurrency Model, focuses on resource allocation,

sharing memory (and when not to), and data. We will look at channels and channels

of channels as well as explain exactly how Go manages concurrency internally.

Chapter 3, Developing a Concurrent Strategy, discusses approach methods for

designing applications to best use concurrent tools in Go. We'll look at some

available third-party packages that can play a role in your strategy.

Chapter 4, Data Integrity in an Application, looks at ensuring that delegation of

goroutines and channels maintain the state in single thread and multithread

applications.

Chapter 5, Locks, Blocks, and Better Channels, looks at how Go can avoid dead

locks out of the box, and when and where they can still occur despite Go's

language design.

Chapter 6, C10K – A Non-blocking Web Server in Go, tackles one of the Internet's

most famous and esteemed challenges and attempt to solve it with core Go packages.

We'll then rene the product and test it against common benchmarking tools.

Preface

[ 4 ]

Chapter 7, Performance and Scalability, focuses on squeezing the most out of your

concurrent Go code, best utilizing resources and accounting for and mitigating

third-party software's impact on your own. We'll add some additional functionality

to our web server and talk about other ways in which we can use these packages.

Chapter 8, Concurrent Application Architecture, focuses on when and where to

implement concurrent patterns, when and how to utilize parallelism to take

advantage of advanced hardware, and how to ensure data consistency.

Chapter 9, Logging and Testing Concurrency in Go, focuses on OS-specic methods

for testing and deploying your application. We'll also look at Go's relationship

with various code repositories.

Chapter 10, Advanced Concurrency and Best Practices, looks at more complicated and

advanced techniques including duplicating concurrent features not available in

Go's core.

What you need for this book

To work along with this book's examples, you'll need a computer running Windows,

OS X, or quite a few Linux variants that support Go. For this book, our Linux

examples and notes reference Ubuntu.

If you do not already have Go 1.3 or newer installed, you will need to get it either

from the binaries download page on http://golang.org/ or through your

operating system's package manager.

To use all of the examples in this book, you'll also need to have the following

software installed:

• MySQL (http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/)

• Couchbase (http://www.couchbase.com/download)

Your choice of IDE is a matter of personal preference, as anyone who's worked with

developers can attest. That said, there are a few that lend themselves better to some

languages than others and a couple that have good support for Go. This author uses

Sublime Text, which plays very nice with Go, is lightweight, and allows you to build

directly from within the IDE itself. Anywhere you see screenshots of code, it will be

from within Sublime Text.

And while there's a good amount of baked-in support for Go code, there's also a nice

plugin collection for Sublime Text called GoSublime, available at https://github.

com/DisposaBoy/GoSublime.

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