Java Web服务实现SOA指南

Java

WebService

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"SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) 使用Java Web服务是将分布式系统设计成松散耦合、可重用服务的一种方法。通过Java Web服务，开发人员可以创建可互操作的网络服务，这些服务能够跨越不同的平台和应用程序进行通信。本资源可能涵盖了如何利用Java技术，如JAX-WS（Java API for XML Web Services）和JAXB（Java Architecture for XML Binding）来实现这一目标。" 在SOA中，Java Web服务扮演着关键角色，它们允许不同系统之间的数据交换和服务交互。以下是关于这个主题的一些核心知识点： 1. **服务导向架构（SOA）**: SOA是一种设计原则，它强调将业务功能分解为独立的服务，这些服务可以通过标准协议进行交互，如SOAP（Simple Object Access Protocol）或REST（Representational State Transfer）。这种架构使得系统更具有灵活性、可扩展性和可重用性。 2. **Java Web服务（JAX-WS）**: JAX-WS是Java平台上用于创建和消费SOAP Web服务的标准API。它提供了一种基于注解的方式，简化了Web服务的开发，包括定义服务接口、实现服务逻辑以及发布和发现服务。 3. **JAXB**: JAXB是用于XML到Java对象绑定的Java框架，反之亦然。它使得处理XML数据变得更加简单，无需手动编写解析和序列化代码。在SOA中，JAXB常用于在Java对象和服务之间转换数据。 4. **WSDL（Web Services Description Language）**: WSDL是XML格式的规范，用于定义Web服务的接口，包括服务的位置、消息格式和操作。在Java Web服务中，JAX-WS可以自动生成WSDL文件，以便其他系统了解如何与服务交互。 5. **UDDI（Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration）**: UDDI是一个标准目录服务，用于发布和查找Web服务。通过UDDI，服务消费者可以搜索和定位可用的服务。 6. **SOAP**: SOAP是基于XML的消息协议，用于在Web服务中传递信息。SOAP消息包含了请求或响应的业务逻辑，以及错误处理信息。 7. **RESTful Web服务**: 虽然JAX-WS主要关注SOAP，但Java也支持创建RESTful服务，通常是通过JAX-RS（Java API for RESTful Web Services）。RESTful服务使用HTTP协议的CRUD（创建、读取、更新、删除）操作，通常与JSON数据格式一起使用，比SOAP更轻量级和灵活。 8. **安全**: 在SOA环境中，安全是非常重要的。Java Web服务支持多种安全模型，如WS-Security（Web Services Security）和SSL/TLS，以确保服务和数据传输的安全。 9. **部署和管理**: 使用Java EE（Enterprise Edition）服务器，如Apache Tomcat、JBoss或WebLogic，可以方便地部署和管理Java Web服务。这些服务器提供了自动化的服务注册、生命周期管理和监控功能。 10. **集成和测试**: 工具如Apache Axis、cURL、SoapUI和JUnit可以帮助开发者测试和调试Web服务，确保服务间的正确交互。 "SOA Using Java WebService"这个资源会深入讲解如何使用Java技术构建和利用SOA中的服务，涵盖从设计原则到实际开发和部署的全过程。通过学习这些知识点，开发者能够构建出健壮、可扩展的分布式系统。

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Foreword

Pat Helland, formerly of Microsoft, has a great acronym he likes to use

when talking about interoperability: HST, or “Hooking Stuff Together.”

(Actually, he uses an altogether different word there in the middle, but I’m

told this is a family book, so I paraphrased.) No matter how much you dress

it up in fancy words and complex ﬂowcharts, interoperability simply means

“Hooking Stuff Together”—something Web Services are all about.

Ever since the second computer came online, True Interoperability

remains the goal that still eludes us. IT environments are home to a wide array

of different technologies, all of which serve some useful purpose (or so I’m

told). Despite various vendors’ attempts to establish their tool of choice as the

sole/dominant tool for building (and porting) applications, the IT world has

only become more—not less—diverse. Numerous solutions have been posited

as “the answer” to the thorny problem of getting program “A” to be able to talk

to program “B,” regardless of what language, platform, operating system, or

hardware the two programs are written in or running on. None had proven to

be entirely successful, either requiring an “all-or-nothing” mentality, or offering

only solutions to handle the simplest situations and nothing more.

In 1998, Don Box and Dave Winer, along with a couple of guys from

Microsoft, IBM, and Lotus, sat down and wrote a short document

describing an idea for replicating a remote procedure call stack into an

XML message. The idea was simple: If all of the various distributed object

toolkits available at the time—DCOM, Java RMI, and CORBA being the

principal concerns—shared a common wire format, it would be a simple

matter to achieve the Holy Grail of enterprise IT programming: True

Interoperability.

In the beginning, SOAP held out the prospect of a simpler, better way

to Hook Stuff Together: XML, the lingua franca of data, passed over HTTP,

the Dark Horse candidate in the Distributed Object wars, with all the

semantics of the traditional distributed object programming model sur-

rounding it. It seemed an easy prospect; just slip the XML in where nobody

would see it, way down deep in the distributed object’s generated code.

What we didn’t realize at the time, unfortunately, was that this vision was all

xvi Foreword

too simplistic, and horribly naïve. It might work for environments that were

remarkably similar to one another (à la Java and .NET), but even there,

problems would arise, owing to differences XML simply couldn’t wash

away. Coupled with the fact that none of the so-called standards was, in fact,

a standard from any kind of legitimate standards body, and that vendors

were putting out “WS-Foo” speciﬁcations every time you turned around,

the intended simplicity of the solution was, in a word, absent. In fact, to put

it bluntly, for a long time, the whole Web Services story was more “mess”

than “message.”

In Chapter 1 of this book, Mark Hansen writes, “Web Services are not

easy.” Whatever happened to the “Simple” in “SOAP?”

Ironically, even as Web Services start to take on “dirty word” status,

alongside EJB and COBOL, the message is becoming increasingly clear,

and the chances of “getting it right” have never been higher. Distractions

such as the SOAP versus REST debate aside (which really isn’t a debate, as

anyone who’s really read the SOAP 1.2 spec and the REST dissertation can

tell), the various vendors and industry groups are ﬁnally coming to a point

where they can actually Hook Stuff Together in more meaningful ways than

just “I’ll pass you a string, which you’ll parse….”

As an instructor with DevelopMentor—where I taught Java, .NET, and

XML—I had the privilege of learning about SOAP, WSDL, and Web Ser-

vices from the very guys who were writing the specs, including Don Box and

Martin Gudgin, our representative to the W3C, who helped coauthor the

SOAP and Schema specs, among others. As an industry consultant focused

on interoperability between Java, .NET, and other platforms, I get a unique

ﬁrst-person view of real-world interoperability problems. And as an inde-

pendent speaker and mentor, I get to study the various interoperability tool-

kits and see how well they work.

Not everybody gets that chance, however, and unless you’re a real low-

level “plumbing” wonk like I am, and ﬁnd a twisted joy in reading through

the myriad WS-

*-related speciﬁcations, things like SOAP and WSDL

remain arcane, high-bar topics that seemingly nobody in his or her right

mind would attempt to learn, just to get your Java code to be able to talk to

other platforms. That’s okay; quite honestly, you shouldn’t have to. If you

have to absorb every level of detail in a given programming environment in

order to use it, well, something is wrong.

The JAX-WS and JAXB standards were created to help you avoid hav-

ing to know all those low-level, byzantine details of the Web Services

plumbing, unless and until you want to. Mark’s book will help you navigate

through the twisty parts of JAX-WS and JAXB because he’s been there. He

had to ﬁght his way through the mess to get to the message, and now he’s

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