Future Internet 2018, 10, 12 3 of 11
detection results, when the SU performs spectrum sensing, all SUs in the system need to stop any
transmitting activities. This time in the periodic window is called the silence period. In order to
enhance the time utilization rate, the length of the silence period needs to be reasonably optimized.
Figure 1a is a schematic diagram of the slot division scheme in the traditional silent period
algorithm. The sensing period is divided into the silent period and the sensing interval. The SU
determines whether the data can be transmitted during the sensing interval based on the sensing
results of the silence period. Figure 1b is a schematic diagram of the slot division scheme in the
adaptive silence period algorithm. One of the most significant changes is the addition of a feedback
slot at the end of each sensing period.
Future Internet 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 11
signals not only from PUs and noise, but also from other SUs. In order to avoid interference in the
detection results, when the SU performs spectrum sensing, all SUs in the system need to stop any
transmitting activities. This time in the periodic window is called the silence period. In order to
enhance the time utilization rate, the length of the silence period needs to be reasonably optimized.
Figure 1a is a schematic diagram of the slot division scheme in the traditional silent period
algorithm. The sensing period is divided into the silent period and the sensing interval. The SU
determines whether the data can be transmitted during the sensing interval based on the sensing
results of the silence period. Figure 1b is a schematic diagram of the slot division scheme in the
adaptive silence period algorithm. One of the most significant changes is the addition of a feedback
slot at the end of each sensing period.
Figure 1. The slot division scheme of the SPM algorithm (a) Traditional silence period; (b) Adaptive
silence period.
As shown in the figure,
T
is the sensing period,
T
is the time length of the silence period,
and
T
is the time length of the data transmission. In general, the parameter
T
is keeps constant.
Additionally, in the traditional sensing period algorithm,
T
is equal within each sensing period.
However, in the adaptive sensing period algorithm,
T
is different in each sensing period.
3. System Modeling
In a wireless communication system, the signal power not only decreases with increasing
propagation distance, but it is also affected by the additional fading caused by a variety of obstacles
or complex terrain. At the same time, this additional fading will change randomly due to the
movement of the mobile station and the change of the channel environment. The time-varying
characteristic of this wireless channel will cause the received signal to be distorted, with the
waveform broadened and overlapping, which affects the communication quality of the channel [18].
In severe cases, it may lead to communication abnormalities.
The traditional adaptive silence management algorithm uses the shared data band to transmit
feedback information. When the data band is affected by the environment and causes a sharp decline
in the signal, the system performance of the scheme deteriorates significantly due to the fact that the
SU cannot obtain the feedback information reliably.
Considering that the small-scale fading in a wireless channel usually has frequency selectivity,
we made a decision to construct a cognitive wireless communication system with an additional
signaling channel (CWCS-ASC). The corresponding system model is shown in Figure 2. By selecting
the specific frequency band outside the spectrum of the data channel as the signaling channel, adding
the signaling channel not only avoids the influence of the PU on the signal transmission, but also
enables the SU to divide the time into non-overlapping frames, and then divide the frames into non-
overlapping channels. Additionally, the users will have one-to-one correspondence according to the
time slot, in order to distinguish users from different addresses of the signal, thus completing the
multiple access. Furthermore, opening additional signaling channels can increase the additional
Figure 1.
The slot division scheme of the SPM algorithm (
a
) Traditional silence period; (
b
) Adaptive
silence period.
As shown in the figure,
T
is the sensing period,
T
s
is the time length of the silence period, and
T
I
is the time length of the data transmission. In general, the parameter
T
is keeps constant. Additionally,
in the traditional sensing period algorithm,
T
s
is equal within each sensing period. However, in the
adaptive sensing period algorithm, T
s
is different in each sensing period.
3. System Modeling
In a wireless communication system, the signal power not only decreases with increasing
propagation distance, but it is also affected by the additional fading caused by a variety of obstacles or
complex terrain. At the same time, this additional fading will change randomly due to the movement
of the mobile station and the change of the channel environment. The time-varying characteristic of
this wireless channel will cause the received signal to be distorted, with the waveform broadened and
overlapping, which affects the communication quality of the channel [
18
]. In severe cases, it may lead
to communication abnormalities.
The traditional adaptive silence management algorithm uses the shared data band to transmit
feedback information. When the data band is affected by the environment and causes a sharp decline
in the signal, the system performance of the scheme deteriorates significantly due to the fact that the
SU cannot obtain the feedback information reliably.
Considering that the small-scale fading in a wireless channel usually has frequency selectivity,
we made a decision to construct a cognitive wireless communication system with an additional
signaling channel (CWCS-ASC). The corresponding system model is shown in Figure 2. By selecting
the specific frequency band outside the spectrum of the data channel as the signaling channel, adding
the signaling channel not only avoids the influence of the PU on the signal transmission, but also
enables the SU to divide the time into non-overlapping frames, and then divide the frames into
non-overlapping channels. Additionally, the users will have one-to-one correspondence according
to the time slot, in order to distinguish users from different addresses of the signal, thus completing
the multiple access. Furthermore, opening additional signaling channels can increase the additional
transmission power and through the error correction coding to reduce the noise interference, the system
can still guarantee the reliable transmission of feedback information even when the data band suffers
a great fading.