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首页C#深度剖析：CLR与跨平台开发的关键

C#深度剖析：CLR与跨平台开发的关键

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"CLR (Common Language Runtime) 是 Microsoft .NET 框架的核心组件，它提供了一个统一的执行环境，使得多种编程语言可以在同一个平台上高效运行。《CLR Via C#》这本书深入探讨了 C# 与 CLR 的紧密联系，对于初学者而言，它不仅是 C# 编程的基础指南，更是理解跨平台开发和利用 CLR 执行模型的关键资源。书中的内容涵盖了 C# 的核心概念和实践，让读者能够熟练掌握 C# 语言，并理解如何编写可移植的应用程序。作者们针对 ASP.NET 2.0、ADO.NET 2.0 和 SQL Server 2005 的不同模块提供了详尽的教程。例如，'Programming Microsoft ASP.NET 2.0 Applications' 介绍了构建 Web 应用程序的最佳实践，'Database Microsoft ADO.NET 2.0 Step by Step' 则是数据库访问和操作的实用指南。对于 SQL Server 2005，书中涉及了 Express Edition 的数据库开发、'Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Programming Step by Step' 提供了从基础到高级的编程技巧，而 'Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: The Storage Engine' 则揭示了数据库底层运作机制。这些书籍旨在帮助开发者充分利用 Microsoft 的新技术，提升生产力并确保应用程序在不同平台上的兼容性。通过阅读《CLR Via C#》，读者不仅能掌握 C# 编程语言，还能了解到如何利用 CLR 实现代码的标准化和高效执行，这对于在现代软件开发中实现跨平台、可扩展性和高性能至关重要。此外，书中提供的附加资源列表，如 'Programming Microsoft SQL Server 2005' 系列，为不同层次的用户提供了丰富的学习路径，无论是入门者还是进阶开发者都能从中获益匪浅。"

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16 Generics 359

Generics in the Framework Class Library 364

Wintellect's Power Collections Library 365

Generics Infrastructure 366

Open and Closed Types 367

Generic Types and Inheritance 369

Generic Type Identity 371

Code Explosion 372

Generic Interfaces 372

Generic Delegates 373

Generic Methods 374

Generic Methods and Type Inference 375

Generics and Other Members 377

Verifiability and Constraints 377

Primary Constraints 380

Secondary Constraints 381

Constructor Constraints 382

Other Verifiability Issues 383

17 Custom Attributes 387

Using Custom Attributes 388

Defining Your Own Attribute Class 391

Attribute Constructor and Field/Property Data Types 395

Detecting the Use of a Custom Attribute 396

Matching Two Attribute Instances Against Each Other 401

Detecting the Use of a Custom Attribute Without Creating

Attribute-Derived Objects 403

Conditional Attribute Classes 407

18 Nullable Value Types 409

C#'s Support for Nullable Value Types 411

C#'s Null-Coalescing Operator 413

The CLR Has Special Support for Nullable Value Types 413

Boxing Nullable Value Types 413

Unboxing Nullable Value Types 414

Calling GetType via a Nullable Value Type 415

Calling Interface Methods via a Nullable Value Type 415

xiv Contents

Part V CLR Facilities

19 Exceptions 419

The Evolution of Exception Handling 420

The Mechanics of Exception Handling 422

The t r y Block 423

The catch Block 423

The finally Block 425

Common Language Specification (CLS) and Non-CLS Exceptions 426

What Exactly Is an Exception? 427

The System.Exception Class 429

FCL-Defined Exception Classes 430

Throwing an Exception 433

Defining Your Own Exception Class 433

How to Use Exceptions Properly 436

Validate Your Method's Arguments 437

Use Finally Blocks Liberally 440

Don't Catch Everything 441

Gracefully Recovering from an Exception 442

Backing Out of a Partially Completed Operation When an Unrecoverable

Exception Occurs 443

Hiding an Implementation Detail to Maintain a "Contract" 444

Performance Considerations 447

Unhandled Exceptions 449

Exception Stack Traces 451

Debugging Exceptions 453

20 Automatic Memory Management (Garbage Collection) 457

Understanding the Basics of Working in a Garbage-Collected Platform 458

Allocating Resources from the Managed Heap 459

The Garbage Collection Algorithm 461

Garbage Collections and Debugging 465

Using Finalization to Release Native Resources 468

Guaranteed Finalization Using C ri t i c a l F inalizerObject Types 469

SafeHandle and Its Derived Types 470

Interoperating with Unmanaged Code by Using SafeHandle Types 473

Using Finalization with Managed Resources 475

What Causes Finalize Methods to Be Called 477

Finalization Internals 479

Contents xv

The Dispose Pattern: Forcing an Object to Clean Up 482

Using a Type That Implements the Dispose Pattern 486

C#'s using Statement 489

An Interesting Dependency Issue 492

Manually Monitoring and Controlling the Lifetime of Objects 493

Resurrection 501

Generations 502

Other Garbage Collection Features for Use with Native Resources 507

Predicting the Success of an Operation That Requires a Lot of Memory 511

Programmatic Control of the Garbage Collector 513

Other Garbage Collector Performance Topics 515

Synchronization-Free Allocations 517

Scalable Parallel Collections 517

Concurrent Collections 518

Large Objects 519

Monitoring Garbage Collections 519

21 CLR Hosting and AppDomains 521

CLR Hosting 521

AppDomains 525

Accessing Objects Across AppDomain Boundaries 527

AppDomain Unloading 538

How Hosts Use AppDomains 539

Console and Windows Forms Applications 539

Microsoft Internet Explorer 540

Microsoft ASP.NET Web Forms and XML Web Services Applications 540

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 541

The Future and Your Own Imagination 541

Advanced Host Control 541

Managing the CLR by Using Managed Code 542

Writing a Robust Host Application 543

How a Host Gets Its Thread Back 544

22 Assembly Loading and Reflection 549

Assembly Loading 549

Using Reflection to Build a Dynamically Extensible Application 553

Reflection Performance 554

Discovering Types Defined in an Assembly 555

What Exactly Is a Type Object? 556

xvi Contents

Contents xvii

Building a Hierarchy of Exception-Derived Types 558

Constructing an Instance of a Type 560

Designing an Application That Supports Add-lns 562

Using Reflection to Discover a Type's Members 565

Discovering a Type's Members 566

BindingFlags: Filtering the Kinds of Members That Are Returned 571

Discovering a Type's Interfaces 571

Invoking a Type's Members 574

Bind Once, Invoke Multiple Times 578

Using Binding Handles to Reduce Working Set 582

23 Performing Asynchronous Operations 585

How the CLR Uses Windows Threads 586

Pontificating about Efficient Thread Usage 586

Introducing the CLR's Thread Pool 589

Limiting the Number of Threads in the Thread Pool 590

Using the Thread Pool to Perform an Asynchronous

Compute-Bound Operation 592

Using a Dedicated Thread to Perform an Asynchronous

Compute-Bound Operation 594

Periodically Performing an Asynchronous Compute-Bound Operation 596

A Tale of Three Timers 598

Introducing the Asynchronous Programming Model 599

Using the APM to Perform an Asynchronous l/O-Bound Operation 600

The APM's Three Rendezvous Techniques 602

The APM's Wait-Until-Done Rendezvous Technique 602

The APM's Polling Rendezvous Technique 605

The APM's Method Callback Rendezvous Technique 607

Using the APM to Perform an Asynchronous Compute-Bound Operation 612

The APM and Exceptions 614

Important Notes about the APM 615

Execution Contexts 617

24 Thread Synchronization 621

Memory Consistency, Volatile Memory Access, and Volatile Fields 622

Volatile Reads and Writes 625

C#'s Support for Volatile Fields 626

The Interlocked Methods 629

The Monitor Class and Sync Blocks 630

xviii Contents

The "Great" Idea 630

Implementing the "Great" Idea 631

Using the Monitor Class to Manipulate a Sync Block 633

Synchronizing the Way Microsoft Intended 633

Simplifying the Code with C#'s loc k Statement 634

Synchronizing Static Members the Way Microsoft Intended 635

Why the "Great" Idea Isn't So Great After All 636

The Famous Double-Check Locking Technique 639

The ReaderWriterLock Class 642

Using Windows Kernel Objects from Managed Code 643

Calling a Method When a Single Kernel Object Becomes Signaled 646

Index 649

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