OIML R46智能电能表国际标准：技术要求与性能测试详解

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OIML R46国际建议是关于智能电能表设计的专业标准，由国际法制计量组织（OIML）制定，于2012年发布第二版（E）。这份文档主要分为两部分：Part1 - Metrological and Technical Requirements（计量和技术要求）和Part2 - Metrological Controls and Performance Tests（计量控制与性能测试）。它涵盖了电能表设计的各个方面，包括电能表的定义、构成元素及其功能。在Part1中，首先定义了关键术语，如电能表（electricity meter）、时段计（interval meter）、预付费计费器（prepayment meter）、多费率或多电价计费器（multi-tariff/multi-rate meter）、直接连接计费器（direct-connected meter）、变压器操作计费器（transformer-operated meter）、电磁式计费器（electromechanical meter）、静态计费器（static meter）、测量元件（measuring element）、电流回路（current circuit）、电压回路（voltage circuit）、指示设备或显示器（indicating device, display）、主标度记数器（primary rated register）、倍率计数器（register multiplier）等。这些概念对于理解电能表的工作原理和性能参数至关重要。 Part2详细规定了电能表的计量控制标准，包括但不限于准确度要求、稳定性、功耗、响应时间、抗干扰能力等性能指标。此外，还涉及了型式评价的要求、试验方法和试验报告的编写指南，确保电能表在整个生命周期内能够满足法定计量标准，保证数据的准确性、可靠性和一致性。 OIML R46-1/-2国际建议旨在为全球电能表制造商提供统一的国际标准，促进电能计量行业的标准化进程，保障消费者的利益，同时推动能源管理的效率和透明度。遵守这一标准对于电能表的设计、生产和质量控制至关重要，也是各国计量法规体系中不可或缺的一部分。

OIML R 46-1 / R 46-2:2012

[OIML V 2-200:2012, 4.26]

Note 3: In this Recommendation, the maximum permissible error is a combination of the base maximum

permissible error and the maximum permissible error shift as described in Annex B.

Note 4: For the application of this Recommendation, “specifications or regulations” means: the provisions

contained in this Recommendation, and the terms “measuring instrument” and “measuring system”

mean: electricity meter.

2.2.19 base maximum permissible error

mpe

extreme value of the error of indication of a meter, permitted by this Recommendation, when the

current and power factor are varied within the intervals given by the rated operating conditions, and

when the meter is otherwise operated at reference conditions

Note: In this Recommendation, the maximum permissible error is a combination of the base maximum

permissible error and the maximum permissible error shift as described in Annex B.

2.2.20 maximum permissible error shift

extreme value of the change in error of indication of a meter, permitted by this Recommendation,

when a single influence factor is taken from its value at reference conditions and varied within the

rated operating conditions

Note 1: For each influence factor there is one corresponding maximum permissible error shift.

Note 2: In this Recommendation, the maximum permissible error is a combination of the base maximum

permissible error and the maximum permissible error shift as described in Annex B.

2.2.21 intrinsic error

error of a measuring instrument, determined under reference conditions

[OIML V 1:2013, 0.06]

2.2.22 initial intrinsic error

intrinsic error of a measuring instrument as determined prior to performance tests and durability

evaluations

[OIML V 1:2013, 5.11]

2.2.23 influence quantity

quantity that, in a direct measurement, does not affect the quantity that is actually measured, but

affects the relation between the indication and the measurement result

[OIML V 2-200:2012, 2.52]

Note 1: The concept of influence quantity is understood to include values associated with measurement

standards, reference materials and reference data upon which the result of a measurement may

depend, as well as phenomena such as short-term measuring instrument fluctuations and quantities

such as ambient temperature, barometric pressure and humidity.

Note 2: In the GUM [5], the concept ‘influence quantity’ is defined as in the second edition of the VIM,

covering not only the quantities affecting the measuring system, as in the definition above, but also

those quantities that affect the quantities actually measured. Also, in the GUM this concept is not

restricted to direct measurements. [OIML V 2-200:2012, 2.52, Note 2]

2.2.24 influence factor

influence quantity having a value which ranges within the rated operating conditions of a measuring

instrument

[OIML V 1:2013, 5.18]

2.2.25 disturbance

influence quantity having a value within the limits specified in this Recommendation, but outside the

specified rated operating conditions of a measuring instrument

[OIML V 1:2013, 5.19]

OIML R 46-1 / R 46-2:2012

Note: An influence quantity is a disturbance if the rated operating conditions for that influence quantity are

not specified.

2.2.26 rated operating condition

operating condition that must be fulfilled during measurement in order that a measuring instrument

or measuring system perform as designed

Note 1: Rated operating conditions generally specify intervals of values for a quantity being measured and for

any influence quantity.

[OIML V 2-200:2012, 4.9]

Note 2: For the application of this Recommendation, the terms “measuring instrument” and “measuring

system” mean: electricity meter.

2.2.27 reference condition

operating condition prescribed for evaluating the performance of a measuring instrument or

measuring system or for comparison of measurement results

Note 1: Reference operating conditions specify intervals of values of the measurand and of the influence

quantities.

Note 2: In IEC 60050-300, item 311-06-02, the term “reference condition” refers to an operating condition

under which the specified instrumental measurement uncertainty is the smallest possible.

[OIML V 2-200:2012, 4.11]

Note 3: For the application of this Recommendation, the terms “measuring instrument” and “measuring

system” mean: electricity meter.

2.2.28 accuracy class

class of measuring instruments or measuring systems that meet stated metrological requirements that

are intended to keep measurement errors or instrumental measurement uncertainties within specified

limits under specified operating conditions

[OIML V 2-200:2012, 4.25]

Note: In this Recommendation, the stated metrological requirements for accuracy class include permissible

responses to disturbances.

2.2.29 durability

ability of the measuring instrument to maintain its performance characteristics over a period of use

[OIML V 1:2013, 5.15]

2.2.30 fault

difference between the error of indication and the intrinsic error of a measuring instrument

Note 1: Principally, a fault is the result of an undesired change of data contained in or flowing through a

measuring instrument.

Note 2: From the definition it follows that a "fault" is a numerical value which is expressed either in a unit of

measurement or as a relative value, for instance as a percentage.

[OIML D11:2004, 3.9]

Note 3: In this Recommendation, the above definition does not apply to the term ‘earth fault’, in which the

word ‘fault’ has its usual dictionary meaning.

2.2.31 significant fault

fault exceeding the applicable fault limit value

[OIML D11:2004, 3.10]

Note: The following are also considered to be significant faults:

• a change larger than the critical change value (see 3.3.6.2) has occurred in the measurement

registers due to disturbances;

• the functionality of the meter has become impaired.

OIML R 46-1 / R 46-2:2012

2.2.32 checking facility

facility that is incorporated in a measuring instrument and which enables significant faults to be

detected and acted upon

Note 1: “Acted upon” refers to any adequate response by the measuring instrument (luminous signal, acoustic

signal, prevention of the measurement process, etc.).

[OIML V 1:2013, 5.07]

Note 2: For the application of this Recommendation, the term “measuring instrument” means: electricity

meter and the action following the detection of a significant fault should be either to stop measuring

and record the time and duration of the stop, or record the time and duration of the fault and the

amount of energy measured during the fault.

Note 3

Faults that are detected and acted upon by means of a checking facility shall not be considered as

significant faults.

2.2.33 primary register

2.2.34 bi-directional (energy) flow

capability of the meter to measure energy flow in both directions (positive and negative)

2.2.35 positive-direction only (energy) flow

capability of the meter to measure energy flow in only one direction (positive direction)

2.2.36 uni-directional (energy) flow

capability of the meter to measure energy flow regardless of the direction of energy flow

2.2.37 positive (energy) flow

direction of energy flow towards the consumer

2.2.38 negative (energy) flow

(for bi-directional and uni-directional meters)

direction of energy flow opposite to positive

Note: For positive-direction only, the opposite direction is termed reverse energy flow (see 2.2.39).

2.2.39 reverse (energy) flow

(for positive-direction only meters)

direction of flow in the opposite direction to positive

2.2.40 legally relevant

attribute of a part of a measuring instrument, device or software subject to legal control

[OIML V 1:2013, 4.08]

3 Metrological requirements

3.1 Units of measurement

The units of measurement for active electrical energy shall be one of the following units: Wh, kWh, MWh,

GWh.

3.2 Rated operating conditions

Rated operating conditions are specified in Table 1.

OIML R 46-1 / R 46-2:2012

Table 1 Rated operating conditions

Condition or

influence quantity

Values, ranges

Frequency f

nom

± 2 % where f

nom

is to be specified by the manufacturer.

If the manufacturer specifies more than one nominal frequency, the rated operating

conditions shall be the combination of all f

nom

± 2 % intervals.

Voltage U

nom

± 10 % where U

nom

is to be specified by the manufacturer.

Meters designed to operate across a range of voltages shall have applicable U

nom

values specified by the manufacturer. If the manufacturer specifies more than one

nominal voltage the rated operating conditions shall be the combination of all U

nom

10 % intervals.

Current I

to I

max

, I

min

and I

are to be specified by the manufacturer in accordance with the

following:

Direct

connected

Accuracy class

A B C D

max

≥ 50 ≥ 50 ≥ 50 ≥ 50

max

min

≥ 100 ≥ 125 ≥ 250 ≥ 250

max

≥ 1000 ≥ 1250 ≥ 1250 ≥ 1250

Transformer-

operated

Accuracy class

A B C D

max

≥ 24 ≥ 24 ≥ 24 ≥ 24

max

min

≥ 60 ≥ 120

(1)

≥ 120 ≥ 120

max

≥ 480 ≥ 600 ≥ 1200 ≥ 1200

Note

(1)

: ≥ 60 for class B transformer operated electromechanical meters.

Power factor From 0.5 inductive to 1 to 0.8 capacitive, except for classes C and D where the

operating range is from 0.5 inductive to 1 to 0.5 capacitive.

For bi-directional meters the power factor range limits are valid in both directions.

Temperature From lower temperature limit to upper temperature limit as specified by manufacturer.

The manufacturer shall specify the lower temperature limit from the values:

–55 ºC, –40 ºC, –25 ºC, –10 ºC, +5 ºC.

The manufacturer shall specify the upper temperature limit from the values:

+30 ºC, +40 ºC, +55 ºC, +70 ºC.

Humidity and water With respect to humidity, the manufacturer shall specify the environment class for

which the instrument is intended:

H1: enclosed locations where the instruments are not subjected to

condensed water, precipitation, or ice formations,

H2: enclosed locations where the instruments may be subjected to

condensed water, to water from sources other than rain and to ice

formations,

H3: open locations with average climatic conditions.

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