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D 02.1 Requirements and
specifications derived from user
needs and sota analysis
ID4EV
Intelligent Dynamics for fully electric
vehicles
Grant agreement n. 260070
Page 17 of 183
1.1.3 Range and availability
To be competitive as a mass market product fully electric vehicles have to provide the means to
carry out most of the drives requested by potential customers in everyday use in the same way as
conventional cars do. Only on very occasional long distance trips or on trips with other
extraordinary circumstances (e.g. high payload) the customer could be willing to use alternative
means of transport. A fundamental change in user habits cannot be expected only because of the
different drive train design used on battery electric vehicles. To ascertain the required capabilities
of an electrified vehicle drive train regarding range and availability, it is essential to analyze user
habits and operational conditions of passenger cars.
Available surveys on usage of passenger cars utilize two different approaches to identify actual
user needs. One way is to conduct a poll among potential customers asking for their expectations
and requirements regarding passenger vehicles. The second way is to collect data of real day-to-
day use of existing passenger cars (regardless of their drive train) including distance and duration
of all trips travelled using vehicles’ logs and evaluating that data statistically. Some surveys include
trips not undertaken by car providing a more detailed insight into travelling.
Both methods have drawbacks; reliable conclusions are best drawn from a combination of surveys
using both approaches. Statistical analysis of actual driving patterns can determine the necessary
overall range to cover a certain percentage of all trips travelled and the available time between
trips for recharging the batteries. But it cannot determine which cut backs, compared to
conventional vehicles, customers are actual willing to accept. Polls, as a matter of principle, are
subjected to individual errors of estimation and results vary depending on the way the poll is
carried out.
The study „Regularities of Travel Demand - An International Perspective“
6
by Andreas Schafer
provides an international and comprehensive review on individual mobility. It is aimed at analyzing
the expenses regarding time and money spent on personal mobility. To acquire the necessary data
base for his analysis Schafer evaluates 26 different studies on personal mobility conducted in 10
different countries, regions or cities worldwide identifying the average number of trips per day,
mean trip distance, trip purpose and means of transport used.
The following charts are sourced from this paper. For all studies included in his analysis Schafer
compares average trip distance per day, overall daily distance traveled and number of trips per
day. Additionally information is provided by identifying the means of transport used and the trip
purpose.
6
Andreas Schafer, Regulartities of Travel Demand - An International Perspective, United States Bureau of
Transport Statistics, 2000, http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10900/10907/1schafer.pdf [accessed: 18.02.2011]