优化与监控RedHat企业级Linux系统性能

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"本文件是Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8的监控和管理系统状态及性能的指南，主要关注如何优化系统的吞吐量、延迟和功率消耗。文档内容涵盖于2020年7月20日更新，旨在帮助用户有效地监控和调整Linux系统的性能，以达到最佳运行状态。" 在Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8中，监控和管理系统的状态及性能是确保系统稳定、高效运行的关键。以下是一些关键知识点： 1. **系统监控工具**：Red Hat提供了多种监控工具，如`top`、`htop`用于实时查看系统进程状态，`iostat`用于监测磁盘I/O，`vmstat`追踪虚拟内存状态，`netstat`显示网络连接状态，以及`sar`进行系统活动日志分析。 2. **性能优化**：为了提升系统性能，需要关注CPU利用率、内存分配、磁盘I/O和网络带宽。可以通过调整内核参数、优化进程调度、合理分配资源来实现。 3. **延迟优化**：降低系统延迟通常涉及到减少数据处理时间、优化I/O操作、减少上下文切换以及选择低延迟的硬件设备。 4. **电源管理**：在不影响性能的前提下，通过智能电源管理策略可以降低功率消耗，例如使用节能处理器模式、调整硬盘休眠策略等。 5. **日志分析**：分析`/var/log`目录下的系统日志文件，可以找出系统异常和性能瓶颈，例如`/var/log/messages`、`/var/log/syslog`等。 6. **性能调优工具**：`systemd-analyze`可以帮助分析系统启动时间，`strace`跟踪系统调用，`ltrace`跟踪库函数调用，以定位性能问题。 7. **资源控制**：通过`cgroups`(控制组)和`nice`、`renice`命令可以限制和调整进程的资源使用，确保关键服务得到优先处理。 8. **监控框架**：`Systemd`内置了基本的监控功能，此外还有如`Prometheus`、`Grafana`、`collectd`等高级监控框架，可实现可视化性能监控和告警。 9. **性能基准测试**：使用`sysbench`、`fio`等工具进行性能基准测试，以量化性能改善效果。 10. **硬件监控**：通过`ipmiutil`、`sensors`等工具监测硬件状态，如温度、风扇速度和电压，预防硬件故障导致的性能下降。了解并熟练运用这些知识点，能够帮助管理员有效地监控Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8系统的健康状况，及时发现并解决问题，从而提升整体系统性能和稳定性。

A server profile optimized for high throughput. It disables power savings mechanisms and enables

sysctl settings that improve the throughput performance of the disk and network IO. CPU governor

is set to performance.

latency-performance

A server profile optimized for low latency. It disables power savings mechanisms and enables sysctl

settings that improve latency. CPU governor is set to performance and the CPU is locked to the low

C states (by PM QoS).

network-latency

A profile for low latency network tuning. It is based on the latency-performance profile. It

additionally disables transparent huge pages and NUMA balancing, and tunes several other network-

related sysctl parameters.

network-throughput

A profile for throughput network tuning. It is based on the throughput-performance profile. It

additionally increases kernel network buffers.

virtual-guest

A profile designed for virtual guests based on the throughput-performance profile that, among

other tasks, decreases virtual memory swappiness and increases disk readahead values. It does not

disable disk barriers.

virtual-host

A profile designed for virtual hosts based on the throughput-performance profile that, among other

tasks, decreases virtual memory swappiness, increases disk readahead values, and enables a more

aggressive value of dirty pages writeback.

oracle

A profile optimized for Oracle databases loads based on throughput-performance profile. It

additionally disables transparent huge pages and modifies other performance-related kernel

parameters. This profile is provided by the tuned-profiles-oracle package.

desktop

A profile optimized for desktops, based on the balanced profile. It additionally enables scheduler

autogroups for better response of interactive applications.

cpu-partitioning

The cpu-partitioning profile partitions the system CPUs into isolated and housekeeping CPUs. To

reduce jitter and interruptions on an isolated CPU, the profile clears the isolated CPU from user-

space processes, movable kernel threads, interrupt handlers, and kernel timers.

A housekeeping CPU can run all services, shell processes, and kernel threads.

You can configure the cpu-partitioning profile in /etc/tuned/cpu-partitioning-variables.conf file.

The configuration options are:

isolated_cores=cpu-list

Lists CPUs to isolate. The list of isolated CPUs is comma-separated or the user can specify the

range. You can specify a range using a dash, such as 3-5. This option is mandatory. Any CPU

missing from this list is automatically considered a housekeeping CPU.

no_balance_cores=cpu-list

Lists CPUs which are not considered by the kernel during system wide process load-balancing.

This option is optional. This is usually the same list as isolated_cores.

For more information on cpu-partitioning, see the tuned-profiles-cpu-partitioning(7) man page.

Real-time profiles

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Monitoring and managing system status and performance

Real-time profiles are intended for systems running the real-time kernel. Without a special kernel build,

they do not configure the system to be real-time. On RHEL, the profiles are available from additional

repositories.

The following real-time profiles are available:

realtime

Use on bare-metal real-time systems.

Provided by the tuned-profiles-realtime package, which is available from the RT or NFV repositories.

realtime-virtual-host

Use in a virtualization host configured for real-time.

Provided by the tuned-profiles-nfv-host package, which is available from the NFV repository.

realtime-virtual-guest

Use in a virtualization guest configured for real-time.

Provided by the tuned-profiles-nfv-guest package, which is available from the NFV repository.

2.4. STATIC AND DYNAMIC TUNING IN TUNED

This section explains the difference between the two categories of system tuning that Tuned applies:

static and dynamic.

Static tuning

Mainly consists of the application of predefined sysctl and sysfs settings and one-shot activation of

several configuration tools such as ethtool.

Dynamic tuning

Watches how various system components are used throughout the uptime of your system. Tuned

adjusts system settings dynamically based on that monitoring information.

For example, the hard drive is used heavily during startup and login, but is barely used later when the

user might mainly work with applications such as web browsers or email clients. Similarly, the CPU

and network devices are used differently at different times. Tuned monitors the activity of these

components and reacts to the changes in their use.

By default, dynamic tuning is disabled. To enable it, edit the /etc/tuned/tuned-main.conf file and

change the dynamic_tuning option to 1. Tuned then periodically analyzes system statistics and uses

them to update your system tuning settings. To configure the time interval in seconds between

these updates, use the update_interval option.

Currently implemented dynamic tuning algorithms try to balance the performance and powersave,

and are therefore disabled in the performance profiles. Dynamic tuning for individual plug-ins can be

enabled or disabled in the Tuned profiles.

Example 2.2. Static and dynamic tuning on a workstation

On a typical office workstation, the Ethernet network interface is inactive most of the time. Only a

few emails go in and out or some web pages might be loaded.

For those kinds of loads, the network interface does not have to run at full speed all the time, as it

does by default. Tuned has a monitoring and tuning plug-in for network devices that can detect this

low activity and then automatically lower the speed of that interface, typically resulting in a lower

CHAPTER 2. GETTING STARTED WITH TUNED

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