学习Processing：动画图形编程入门

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"Learning Processing: A Beginner's Guide to Programming Images, Animation, and Interaction" Processing 是一个开源编程语言和环境，特别设计用于简化数字艺术、视觉效果和数据可视化的创建，尤其是动画图形和图片的制作。它基于Java语言，但提供了一个更加简洁和面向艺术家、设计师的接口。这本书"Learning Processing"由Daniel Shiffman撰写，是为初学者准备的一本指南，旨在教授编程基础，特别是在图像处理、动画和交互设计方面的知识。在Processing中，你可以创建各种各样的2D和3D图形，包括线性和曲线形状、色彩丰富的图像以及复杂的动态系统。通过Processing，用户能够探索编程的概念，如变量、条件语句、循环、函数，并将其应用于实际的视觉项目。Processing还支持事件驱动编程，使用户可以响应用户的输入，例如鼠标点击或键盘按键，从而实现交互性。书中的内容可能涵盖了以下几个方面： 1. **基本概念**：介绍Processing环境的设置，以及如何编写第一个"Hello, World!"程序。讲解基本的数据类型，如整数、浮点数和字符串，以及变量的声明和赋值。 2. **绘图和几何**：介绍如何在画布上绘制点、线、矩形、圆形等基本图形，以及如何使用坐标系统和颜色模式来控制图形的外观。 3. **条件和循环**：解释如何使用if语句和switch语句进行条件判断，以及for和while循环的使用，这些是创建动态图形的基础。 4. **函数和对象**：介绍如何定义自定义函数，以及如何使用Processing内置的函数，如draw()和setup()。此外，还会涉及面向对象编程的概念，如类和对象的创建。 5. **动画与时间**：讨论如何利用时间变量来创建连续的动画效果，比如帧率控制和时间序列动画。 6. **交互性**：讲解如何让程序响应用户输入，如鼠标和键盘事件，以及如何使用键盘和鼠标的状态来改变图形的属性。 7. **高级主题**：可能包括3D图形渲染、纹理映射、粒子系统、物理模拟，以及如何将Processing与其他库和框架集成，如OpenCV用于计算机视觉，或者WebGL用于在浏览器中展示3D图形。 8. **数据可视化**：如何将数据集转换为可视化图形，如柱状图、折线图，以及更复杂的可视化形式，如热力图和散点图。通过"Learning Processing"，读者不仅可以学习到编程的基本技能，还能掌握如何将这些技能应用于创作独特的艺术作品和交互式应用程序。这是一本理想的入门书籍，适合对编程和视觉艺术感兴趣的初学者。

Introduction xv

 is book’s web site is not a substitute for the amazing resource that is the oﬃ cial Processing web site:

http://www.processing.org .  ere, you will ﬁ nd the Processing reference, many more examples, and a lively

forum.

Take It One Step at a Time

 e Philosophy of Incremental Development

 ere is one more thing we should discuss before we embark on this journey together. It is an important

driving force behind the way I learned to program and will contribute greatly to the style of this book.

As coined by a former professor of mine, it is called the “ philosophy of incremental development. ” Or

perhaps, more simply, the “ one-step-at-a-time approach. ”

Whether you are a total novice or a coder with years of experience, with any programming project, it is

crucial not to fall into the trap of trying to do too much all at once. Your dream might be to create the

uber- Processing program that, say, uses Perlin noise to procedurally generate textures for 3D vertex shapes

that evolve via the artiﬁ cial intelligence of a neural network that crawls the web mining for today’s news

stories, displaying the text of these stories onscreen in colors taken from a live video feed of a viewer in

front of the screen who can control the interface with live microphone input by singing.

 ere is nothing wrong with having grand visions, but the most important favor you can do for yourself

is to learn how to break those visions into small parts and attack each piece slowly, one at a time.  e

previous example is a bit silly; nevertheless, if you were to sit down and attempt to program its features all

at once, I am pretty sure you would end up using a cold compress to treat your pounding headache.

To demonstrate, let’s simplify and say that you aspire to program the game Space Invaders (see: http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Invaders ). While this is not explicitly a game programming book, the skills to

accomplish this goal will be found here. Following our newfound philosophy, however, we know we need

to develop one step at a time, breaking down the problem of programming Space Invaders into small

parts. Here is a quick attempt:

1. Program the spaceship.

2. Program the invaders.

3. Program the scoring system.

Great, we divided our program into three steps! Nevertheless, we are not at all ﬁ nished.  e key is to

divide the problem into the smallest pieces possible, to the point of absurdity, if necessary. You will learn

to scale back into larger chunks when the time comes, but for now, the pieces should be so small that

they seem ridiculously oversimpliﬁ ed. After all, if the idea of developing a complex game such as Space

Invaders seems overwhelming, this feeling will go away if you leave yourself with a list of steps to follow,

each one simple and easy.

With that in mind, let’s try a little harder, breaking Step 1 from above down into smaller parts.  e idea

here is that you would write six programs, the ﬁ rst being the simplest: display a triangle . With each step,

we add a small improvement: move the triangle. As the program gets more and more advanced, eventually

we will be ﬁ nished.

xvi Introduction

1.1 Draw a triangle onscreen.  e triangle will be our spaceship.

1.2 Position the triangle at the bottom of the screen.

1.3 Position the triangle slightly to the right of where it was before.

1.4 Animate the triangle so that it moves from position left to right.

1.5 Animate the triangle from left to right only when the right-arrow key is pressed.

1.6 Animate the triangle right to left when the left-arrow key is pressed.

Of course, this is only a small fraction of all of the steps we need for a full Space Invaders game, but

it demonstrates a vital way of thinking.  e beneﬁ ts of this approach are not simply that it makes

programming easier (which it does), but that it also makes “ debugging ” easier.

Debugging

refers to the process of ﬁ nding defects in a computer program and ﬁ xing them so that the

program behaves properly. You have probably heard about bugs in, say, the Windows operating system:

miniscule, arcane errors deep in the code. For us, a bug is a much simpler concept: a mistake. Each time

you try to program something, it is very likely that something will not work as you expected, if at all. So

if you start out trying to program everything all at once, it will be very hard to ﬁ nd these bugs.  e one-

step-at-a-time methodology, however, allows you to tackle these mistakes one at a time, squishing the

bugs.

In addition, incremental development lends itself really well to object-oriented programming , a core

principle of this book. Objects, which will be introduced in Lesson 3, Chapter 8, will help us to develop

projects in modular pieces as well as provide an excellent means for organizing (and sharing) code.

Reusability will also be key. For example, if you have programmed a spaceship for Space Invaders and

want to start working on asteroids, you can grab the parts you need (i.e., the moving spaceship code), and

develop the new pieces around them.

Algorithms

When all is said and done, computer programming is all about writing algorithms . An algorithm is

a sequential list of instructions that solves a particular problem. And the philosophy of incremental

development (which is essentially an algorithm for you, the human being, to follow) is designed to make

it easier for you to write an algorithm that implements your idea.

As an exercise, before you get to Chapter 1, try writing an algorithm for something you do on a daily

basis, such as brushing your teeth. Make sure the instructions seem comically simple (as in “ Move the

toothbrush one centimeter to the left ” ).

Imagine that you had to provide instructions on how to accomplish this task to someone entirely

unfamiliar with toothbrushes, toothpaste, and teeth.  at is how it is to write a program. A computer is

nothing more than a machine that is brilliant at following precise instructions, but knows nothing about

the world at large. And this is where we begin our journey, our story, our new life as a programmer. We

begin with learning how to talk to our friend, the computer.

 e term “ debugging ” comes from the apocryphal story of a moth getting stuck in the relay circuits of one of computer scientist

Grace Murray Hopper’s computers.

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