能否提供一个详细的示例代码，有12片STM32F103每个单片机的串口RS-485通信，包括错误检测、中断管理、超时功能和数据帧解析？同时，请确保这个代码片段包含了必要的库函数调用和初始化步骤。

在STM32F103上实现多个串口RS-485通信，涉及到GPIO配置、USART初始化、中断处理和数据帧解析。这里我将给出一个简化版的示例代码片段，实际项目中可能需要根据具体硬件连接和应用需求做适当调整。假设我们有三个USART用于RS-485通信。

首先，包含必要的头文件：

#include "stm32f10x.h"
#include "stdio.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "usart.h"
#include "rtos.h"

然后，初始化相关的USART模块：

void USART_Init(uint32_t USART_ID)
{
    GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure;
    NVIC_InitTypeDef NVIC_InitStructure;

    RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_USART1 | RCC_APB2Periph_USART2 | RCC_APB2Periph_USART3, ENABLE);

    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_9; // RS485_TX for example (configurable)
    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_AF_PP;
    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;
    GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStructure);
    GPIO_PinAFConfig(GPIOA, GPIO_PinSource9, GPIO_AF_USART1); // or AF2, AF3 for other USARTs

    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_10; // RS485_RX for example (configurable)
    GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStructure);
    GPIO_PinAFConfig(GPIOA, GPIO_PinSource10, GPIO_AF_USART1); // or AF2, AF3 for other USARTs

    USART_InitStructure.USART_BaudRate = 9600; // Adjust to desired baud rate
    USART_InitStructure.USART_WordLength = USART_WordLength_8b;
    USART_InitStructure.USART_StopBits = USART_StopBits_1;
    USART_InitStructure.USART_Parity = USART_Parity_No;
    USART_InitStructure.USART_HardwareFlowControl = USART_HardwareFlowControl_None;
    USART_InitStructure.USART_Mode = USART_Mode_Rx | USART_Mode_Tx;

    USART_Init(USART_ID);
    USART_Cmd(USART_ID, ENABLE);

    NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannel = USARTx_IRQn; // Replace x with the appropriate USART number (1, 2, or 3)
    NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelPreemptionPriority = 0;
    NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelSubPriority = 1;
    NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelCmd = ENABLE;
    NVIC_Init(&NVIC_InitStructure);
}

接下来是简单的数据帧解析和错误检测：

void USART_IRQHandler(uint32_t USART_ID)
{
    if(USART_GetITStatus(USART_ID, USART_IT_RXNE) == SET)
    {
        uint8_t received_char = USART_ReceiveData(USART_ID);
        // Check and handle errors here (e.g., CRC check, framing error, etc.)
        // For example, assume a simple ASCII frame:
        if(received_char != '\n') // End of line is your delimiter
        {
            // Parse data and potentially store or process it
        }
    }
}

// Function to send a string over RS485
void SendStringThroughUSART(uint32_t USART_ID, const char *str)
{
    while(*str)
    {
        USART_SendData(USART_ID, *str++);
    }
    USART_SendData(USART_ID, '\r');
}

关于超时功能，可以使用定时器配合中断检查接收状态，这取决于具体的RTOS环境。例如，在FreeRTOS中，你可以创建一个任务定期检查接收缓冲区是否为空。

最后，记得关闭资源：

void USART_DeInit(uint32_t USART_ID)
{
    USART_Cmd(USART_ID, DISABLE);
    GPIO_PinAFConfig(GPIOA, GPIO_PinSource9, GPIO_AF_OFF); // or AF2, AF3
    GPIO_PinAFConfig(GPIOA, GPIO_PinSource10, GPIO_AF_OFF); // or AF2, AF3
    GPIO_Init(GPIOA, NULL);
    NVIC解散中断；
}