explain it in english

Sure! "C知道" is an AI assistant developed by CSDN. It is designed to provide assistance and answer questions related to various topics. It uses advanced natural language processing algorithms to understand and respond to user queries. However, it is important to note that "C知道" is not related to OpenAI or ChatGPT.

Now, how can I assist you today?

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explain it in English

In English, "passing by reference" refers to how function parameters are handled in memory during execution. The advantage is that:

1. **Efficiency**: Large or complex data structures are passed as references, avoiding unnecessary copying, which can save memory and speed up performance, especially when modifying the structure.

2. **Avoidance of deep copying**: If an object contains nested objects, passing a reference allows direct manipulation without creating multiple copies.

3. **Persistence**: Changes made within functions persist outside, making it useful for operations where state needs to be retained after the function call.

4. **Ease of implementing advanced operations**: Operations like sorting arrays can naturally work with references since they don't need to return new copies.

5. **Reduced parameter overhead**: For large data sets, passing just a reference eliminates the necessity to repeatedly transfer the whole data.

However, care must be taken, as unintended modifications can occur if not managed properly.

can you explain 内卷 in English

"内卷" is a Chinese term that refers to a phenomenon where competition and pressure within a group or society become so intense that individuals are forced to overwork and sacrifice their well-being in order to keep up with the expectations of others. It can also refer to a situation where individuals become increasingly insular and focused on their own success, often at the expense of the larger community or society. In English, this term is sometimes translated as "involution."