x = np.array([[x1, x2], [x3, x4]])换个写法
时间: 2024-09-18 08:09:54 浏览: 38
在 Python 中,你可以使用列表推导式(List Comprehension)或者直接赋值的方式来创建这样的二维数组。这里有几个等价的写法:
1. 列表推导式:
```python
x = [[element for element in sublist] for sublist in [[x1, x2], [x3, x4]]]
```
2. 使用 `zip` 函数和列表:
```python
x = list(zip([x1, x2], [x3, x4]))
```
3. 直接嵌套列表:
```python
x = [[x1, x2], [x3, x4]]
```
这三种方法都可以得到相同的二维数组 `x`,不过推荐使用最简洁的嵌套列表形式,因为它更直观易懂。
如果你想要保持原有的变量定义风格,可以稍微调整下变量 `x1`, `x2`, `x3`, `x4` 的赋值顺序,使其符合嵌套列表的形式:
```python
x1 = [1, 1]
x2 = [1, 2]
x3 = [3, 1]
x4 = [3, -1]
x = [[x1, x2], [x3, x4]]
```
然后按需更新数组 `x`。
相关问题
import sympy from sympy import diff from sympy import hessian import numpy as np import pandas as pd def f(x1,x2): return 2*x1**2+x2**2 def f1(x1,x2): x=diff(f(x1,x2),x1) return x def f2(x1,x2): y=diff(f(x1,x2),x2) return y def niudun(x1,x2,e): x3=np.array([x1,x2]) x1,x2=sympy.symbols('x1 x2') k=1 grad=np.array([f1(x1,x2),f2(x1,x2)]) heisai=hessian(f(x1,x2),(x1,x2)) heisai=np.array(heisai,dtype='float') niheisai=np.linalg.inv(heisai) d=-1*np.dot(niheisai,grad) fan=np.linalg.norm(np.array(d.astype(float)),ord=2) while abs(fan)>e: x4=np.array(x3)+np.array(d) k+=1 x3=x4 x1=x3[0] x2=x3[1] grad=np.array([f1(x1,x2),f2(x1,x2)]) heisai=hessian(f(x1,x2),(x1,x2)) heisai=np.array(heisai,dtype='float') niheisai=np.linalg.inv(heisai) d=-1*np.dot(np.array(niheisai),grad) d=pd.DataFrame(d,dtype=np.float16) fan=np.linalg.norm(np.array(d.astype(float)),ord=2) return ("运行次数为:"+k+','+"极值点为:"+x4) x1,x2 = map(float,input("请输入初点:").split(' ')) e= eval(input("请输入精度:")) print(niudun(x1,x2,e))
这段代码实现了牛顿法求解二元函数的最优解,其中 `f` 是目标函数,`f1` 和 `f2` 分别是目标函数关于 $x_1$ 和 $x_2$ 的偏导数,`niudun` 函数使用牛顿法求解最优解。
具体来说,`niudun` 函数的输入参数包括初值点 `(x1, x2)` 和精度 `e`,输出结果包括运行次数和极值点。函数中定义了符号变量 `x1` 和 `x2`,计算梯度向量和 Hessian 矩阵时使用这两个符号变量,而不是具体的数值,这样可以方便地求出梯度向量和 Hessian 矩阵。函数中使用了 `sympy` 库中的 `diff` 函数和 `hessian` 函数来计算目标函数的偏导数和 Hessian 矩阵。
在函数中使用了循环来迭代求解最优解。每次迭代的步骤包括计算梯度向量和 Hessian 矩阵,求解 Hessian 矩阵的逆矩阵,计算下降方向,计算下降方向的模长,更新当前点的位置。循环的终止条件是下降方向的模长小于精度 `e`。
这段代码中有一处错误,即在返回结果时,将运行次数 `k` 直接转换为字符串类型会报错,需要使用 `str(k)` 将其转换为字符串类型。同时,还需要在 `print` 函数中加上括号。另外,最后的返回结果中应该是字符串类型,因此需要将数字和字符串拼接起来。修改后的代码如下:
```python
import sympy
from sympy import diff, hessian
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
def f(x1, x2):
return 2 * x1**2 + x2**2
def f1(x1, x2):
x = diff(f(x1, x2), x1)
return x
def f2(x1, x2):
y = diff(f(x1, x2), x2)
return y
def niudun(x1, x2, e):
x3 = np.array([x1, x2])
x1, x2 = sympy.symbols('x1 x2')
k = 1
grad = np.array([f1(x1, x2), f2(x1, x2)])
heisai = hessian(f(x1, x2), (x1, x2))
heisai = np.array(heisai, dtype='float')
niheisai = np.linalg.inv(heisai)
d = -1 * np.dot(niheisai, grad)
fan = np.linalg.norm(np.array(d.astype(float)), ord=2)
while abs(fan) > e:
x4 = np.array(x3) + np.array(d)
k += 1
x3 = x4
x1 = x3[0]
x2 = x3[1]
grad = np.array([f1(x1, x2), f2(x1, x2)])
heisai = hessian(f(x1, x2), (x1, x2))
heisai = np.array(heisai, dtype='float')
niheisai = np.linalg.inv(heisai)
d = -1 * np.dot(np.array(niheisai), grad)
d = pd.DataFrame(d, dtype=np.float16)
fan = np.linalg.norm(np.array(d.astype(float)), ord=2)
return "运行次数为:" + str(k) + ',' + "极值点为:" + str(x4)
x1, x2 = map(float, input("请输入初点:").split(' '))
e = eval(input("请输入精度:"))
print(niudun(x1, x2, e))
```
y1 = np.zeros(x1.shape[0]) y2 = np.ones(x2.shape[0]) y3 = np.full(x3.shape[0], 2) y4 = np.full(x4.shape[0], 3) y5 = np.full(x5.shape[0], 4)
These lines of code create five different arrays, each filled with a different constant value. The length of each array corresponds to the length of a different input array (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5).
- y1 is an array of zeros, with the same length as x1.
- y2 is an array of ones, with the same length as x2.
- y3 is an array filled with the constant value 2, with the same length as x3.
- y4 is an array filled with the constant value 3, with the same length as x4.
- y5 is an array filled with the constant value 4, with the same length as x5.
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