B, T, C, H, W =inputs.shape for i in range(3): for j in range(T): plt.subplot(1, 3, 1) plt.imshow(inputs[i, j].transpose(1,2,0)/255.0) print(inputs[i, j].shape) plt.title('Input') plt.subplot(1, 3, 2) plt.imshow(trues[i, j].transpose(1,2,0)) plt.title('Ground Truth') plt.subplot(1, 3, 3) plt.imshow(preds[i, j].transpose(1,2,0)) plt.title('Prediction') plt.show()解释
时间: 2024-02-14 11:30:00 浏览: 70
这段代码是一个简单的循环,用于可视化输入数据、真实数据和预测数据。首先,根据输入数据的形状(B, T, C, H, W),其中B表示batch size,T表示时间步数,C表示通道数,H表示高度,W表示宽度。然后使用两个嵌套的循环来遍历每个时间步和每个样本。
在每个时间步和样本中,代码会使用plt.subplot函数创建一个1x3的子图,其中第一个子图用于显示输入数据,第二个子图用于显示真实数据,第三个子图用于显示预测数据。然后使用plt.imshow函数将数据可视化,并将其转置为(H,W,C)的形状。最后,使用plt.title函数给每个子图添加标题,并使用plt.show函数显示图像。
这段代码的作用是在每个时间步和样本中可视化输入数据、真实数据和预测数据,以便进行模型的调试和分析。
相关问题
#importing required libraries from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler from keras.models import Sequential from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, LSTM #setting index data = df.sort_index(ascending=True, axis=0) new_data = data[['trade_date', 'close']] new_data.index = new_data['trade_date'] new_data.drop('trade_date', axis=1, inplace=True) new_data.head() #creating train and test sets dataset = new_data.values train= dataset[0:1825,:] valid = dataset[1825:,:] #converting dataset into x_train and y_train scaler = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0, 1)) scaled_data = scaler.fit_transform(dataset) x_train, y_train = [], [] for i in range(60,len(train)): x_train.append(scaled_data[i-60:i,0]) y_train.append(scaled_data[i,0]) x_train, y_train = np.array(x_train), np.array(y_train) x_train = np.reshape(x_train, (x_train.shape[0],x_train.shape[1],1)) # create and fit the LSTM network model = Sequential() model.add(LSTM(units=50, return_sequences=True, input_shape=(x_train.shape[1],1))) model.add(LSTM(units=50)) model.add(Dense(1)) model.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer='adam') model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=1, batch_size=1, verbose=1) #predicting 246 values, using past 60 from the train data inputs = new_data[len(new_data) - len(valid) - 60:].values inputs = inputs.reshape(-1,1) inputs = scaler.transform(inputs) X_test = [] for i in range(60,inputs.shape[0]): X_test.append(inputs[i-60:i,0]) X_test = np.array(X_test) X_test = np.reshape(X_test, (X_test.shape[0],X_test.shape[1],1)) closing_price = model.predict(X_test) closing_price1 = scaler.inverse_transform(closing_price) rms=np.sqrt(np.mean(np.power((valid-closing_price1),2))) rms #v=new_data[1825:] valid1 = pd.DataFrame() # 假设你使用的是Pandas DataFrame valid1['Pre_Lstm'] = closing_price1 train=new_data[:1825] plt.figure(figsize=(16,8)) plt.plot(train['close']) plt.plot(valid1['close'],label='真实值') plt.plot(valid1['Pre_Lstm'],label='预测值') plt.title('LSTM预测',fontsize=16) plt.xlabel('日期',fontsize=14) plt.ylabel('收盘价',fontsize=14) plt.legend(loc=0)
这段代码使用了一些常见的机器学习和深度学习库:sklearn、Keras 和 numpy。它的主要功能是预测股票价格。下面是代码的主要步骤:
1. 数据预处理:使用 MinMaxScaler 对股票价格数据进行归一化处理,将其缩放到 0 到 1 的范围内。
2. 创建训练集和测试集:将数据集分为训练集和测试集。
3. 创建模型:使用 Keras 搭建一个 LSTM 神经网络模型。
4. 训练模型:使用训练集对 LSTM 模型进行训练。
5. 进行预测:使用测试集对 LSTM 模型进行预测,并将预测结果反归一化。
6. 计算误差:使用均方根误差(RMSE)来评估模型的预测性能。
7. 可视化结果:使用 Matplotlib 将真实值、预测值和训练集的收盘价可视化。
需要注意的是,这段代码只训练了一个 epoch,因此模型的预测性能可能不够好。如果需要更准确的预测结果,可以增加训练轮数并对模型进行调参。另外,还可以通过增加特征、使用更复杂的模型或采用其他机器学习算法来改进预测性能。
逐行详细解释以下代码并加注释from tensorflow import keras import matplotlib.pyplot as plt base_image_path = keras.utils.get_file( "coast.jpg", origin="https://img-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/coast.jpg") plt.axis("off") plt.imshow(keras.utils.load_img(base_image_path)) #instantiating a model from tensorflow.keras.applications import inception_v3 model = inception_v3.InceptionV3(weights='imagenet',include_top=False) #配置各层对DeepDream损失的贡献 layer_settings = { "mixed4": 1.0, "mixed5": 1.5, "mixed6": 2.0, "mixed7": 2.5, } outputs_dict = dict( [ (layer.name, layer.output) for layer in [model.get_layer(name) for name in layer_settings.keys()] ] ) feature_extractor = keras.Model(inputs=model.inputs, outputs=outputs_dict) #定义损失函数 import tensorflow as tf def compute_loss(input_image): features = feature_extractor(input_image) loss = tf.zeros(shape=()) for name in features.keys(): coeff = layer_settings[name] activation = features[name] loss += coeff * tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(activation[:, 2:-2, 2:-2, :])) return loss #梯度上升过程 @tf.function def gradient_ascent_step(image, learning_rate): with tf.GradientTape() as tape: tape.watch(image) loss = compute_loss(image) grads = tape.gradient(loss, image) grads = tf.math.l2_normalize(grads) image += learning_rate * grads return loss, image def gradient_ascent_loop(image, iterations, learning_rate, max_loss=None): for i in range(iterations): loss, image = gradient_ascent_step(image, learning_rate) if max_loss is not None and loss > max_loss: break print(f"... Loss value at step {i}: {loss:.2f}") return image #hyperparameters step = 20. num_octave = 3 octave_scale = 1.4 iterations = 30 max_loss = 15. #图像处理方面 import numpy as np def preprocess_image(image_path): img = keras.utils.load_img(image_path) img = keras.utils.img_to_array(img) img = np.expand_dims(img, axis=0) img = keras.applications.inception_v3.preprocess_input(img) return img def deprocess_image(img): img = img.reshape((img.shape[1], img.shape[2], 3)) img /= 2.0 img += 0.5 img *= 255. img = np.clip(img, 0, 255).astype("uint8") return img #在多个连续 上运行梯度上升 original_img = preprocess_image(base_image_path) original_shape = original_img.shape[1:3] successive_shapes = [original_shape] for i in range(1, num_octave): shape = tuple([int(dim / (octave_scale ** i)) for dim in original_shape]) successive_shapes.append(shape) successive_shapes = successive_shapes[::-1] shrunk_original_img = tf.image.resize(original_img, successive_shapes[0]) img = tf.identity(original_img) for i, shape in enumerate(successive_shapes): print(f"Processing octave {i} with shape {shape}") img = tf.image.resize(img, shape) img = gradient_ascent_loop( img, iterations=iterations, learning_rate=step, max_loss=max_loss ) upscaled_shrunk_original_img = tf.image.resize(shrunk_original_img, shape) same_size_original = tf.image.resize(original_img, shape) lost_detail = same_size_original - upscaled_shrunk_original_img img += lost_detail shrunk_original_img = tf.image.resize(original_img, shape) keras.utils.save_img("DeepDream.png", deprocess_image(img.numpy()))
这段代码是一个使用 DeepDream 技术对一张图像进行处理的例子。下面对每一部分进行详细解释:
1. 导入所需的库
```python
from tensorflow import keras
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
```
导入了 TensorFlow 和 Keras 库,以及用于绘制图像的 Matplotlib 库。
2. 加载图像
```python
base_image_path = keras.utils.get_file(
"coast.jpg", origin="https://img-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/coast.jpg")
plt.axis("off")
plt.imshow(keras.utils.load_img(base_image_path))
```
使用 `keras.utils.get_file` 函数从亚马逊 S3 存储桶中下载名为 "coast.jpg" 的图像,并使用 `keras.utils.load_img` 函数加载该图像。`plt.axis("off")` 和 `plt.imshow` 函数用于绘制该图像并关闭坐标轴。
3. 实例化模型
```python
from tensorflow.keras.applications import inception_v3
model = inception_v3.InceptionV3(weights='imagenet',include_top=False)
```
使用 Keras 库中的 InceptionV3 模型对图像进行处理。`weights='imagenet'` 表示使用预训练的权重,`include_top=False` 表示去掉模型的顶层(全连接层)。
4. 配置 DeepDream 损失
```python
layer_settings = {
"mixed4": 1.0,
"mixed5": 1.5,
"mixed6": 2.0,
"mixed7": 2.5,
}
outputs_dict = dict(
[(layer.name, layer.output) for layer in [model.get_layer(name) for name in layer_settings.keys()]]
)
feature_extractor = keras.Model(inputs=model.inputs, outputs=outputs_dict)
```
通过配置不同层对 DeepDream 损失的贡献来控制图像的风格。该代码块中的 `layer_settings` 字典定义了每层对损失的贡献,`outputs_dict` 变量将每层的输出保存到一个字典中,`feature_extractor` 变量实例化一个新模型来提取特征。
5. 定义损失函数
```python
import tensorflow as tf
def compute_loss(input_image):
features = feature_extractor(input_image)
loss = tf.zeros(shape=())
for name in features.keys():
coeff = layer_settings[name]
activation = features[name]
loss += coeff * tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(activation[:, 2:-2, 2:-2, :]))
return loss
```
定义了一个计算 DeepDream 损失的函数。该函数首先使用 `feature_extractor` 模型提取输入图像的特征,然后计算每层对损失的贡献并相加,最终返回总损失。
6. 梯度上升过程
```python
@tf.function
def gradient_ascent_step(image, learning_rate):
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
tape.watch(image)
loss = compute_loss(image)
grads = tape.gradient(loss, image)
grads = tf.math.l2_normalize(grads)
image += learning_rate * grads
return loss, image
def gradient_ascent_loop(image, iterations, learning_rate, max_loss=None):
for i in range(iterations):
loss, image = gradient_ascent_step(image, learning_rate)
if max_loss is not None and loss > max_loss:
break
print(f"... Loss value at step {i}: {loss:.2f}")
return image
```
定义了一个用于实现梯度上升过程的函数。`gradient_ascent_step` 函数计算输入图像的损失和梯度,然后对图像进行梯度上升并返回更新后的图像和损失。`gradient_ascent_loop` 函数使用 `gradient_ascent_step` 函数实现多次迭代,每次迭代都会计算损失和梯度,并对输入图像进行更新。
7. 设置超参数
```python
step = 20.
num_octave = 3
octave_scale = 1.4
iterations = 30
max_loss = 15.
```
设置了一些 DeepDream 算法的超参数,例如梯度上升步长、金字塔层数、金字塔缩放比例、迭代次数和损失上限。
8. 图像处理
```python
import numpy as np
def preprocess_image(image_path):
img = keras.utils.load_img(image_path)
img = keras.utils.img_to_array(img)
img = np.expand_dims(img, axis=0)
img = keras.applications.inception_v3.preprocess_input(img)
return img
def deprocess_image(img):
img = img.reshape((img.shape[1], img.shape[2], 3))
img /= 2.0
img += 0.5
img *= 255.
img = np.clip(img, 0, 255).astype("uint8")
return img
```
定义了两个函数,`preprocess_image` 函数将输入图像进行预处理,`deprocess_image` 函数将处理后的图像进行还原。
9. DeepDream 算法过程
```python
original_img = preprocess_image(base_image_path)
original_shape = original_img.shape[1:3]
successive_shapes = [original_shape]
for i in range(1, num_octave):
shape = tuple([int(dim / (octave_scale ** i)) for dim in original_shape])
successive_shapes.append(shape)
successive_shapes = successive_shapes[::-1]
shrunk_original_img = tf.image.resize(original_img, successive_shapes[0])
img = tf.identity(original_img)
for i, shape in enumerate(successive_shapes):
print(f"Processing octave {i} with shape {shape}")
img = tf.image.resize(img, shape)
img = gradient_ascent_loop(
img, iterations=iterations, learning_rate=step, max_loss=max_loss
)
upscaled_shrunk_original_img = tf.image.resize(shrunk_original_img, shape)
same_size_original = tf.image.resize(original_img, shape)
lost_detail = same_size_original - upscaled_shrunk_original_img
img += lost_detail
shrunk_original_img = tf.image.resize(original_img, shape)
keras.utils.save_img("DeepDream.png", deprocess_image(img.numpy()))
```
使用预先定义的函数和变量实现了 DeepDream 算法的过程。首先对原始图像进行预处理,然后根据金字塔层数和缩放比例生成多个连续的图像,对每个图像进行梯度上升处理,最终将所有处理后的图像进行合并,并使用 `keras.utils.save_img` 函数保存最终结果。
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