visual studio 1.实现三维图形的坐标系之间的变换（世界坐标、物坐标、屏幕坐标）以及三维图形几何变换。修改示例图形为给定的模型，将立方体顶点的三维坐标（x，y，z）及变量改为三棱锥顶点的三维坐标及变量相关代码

在 Visual Studio 中实现三维图形的坐标系之间的变换和三维图形几何变换，可以使用 DirectX API。以下是修改示例图形为给定的三棱锥模型的代码示例：

#include <Windows.h>
#include <d3d11.h>
#include <d3dcompiler.h>
#include <DirectXMath.h>
#include <iostream>

#pragma comment(lib, "d3d11.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3dcompiler.lib")

using namespace DirectX;

// 定义三棱锥顶点数据类型
struct Vertex
{
    XMFLOAT3 position;
    XMFLOAT4 color;
};

// 定义矩阵缓冲区数据类型
struct MatrixBuffer
{
    XMMATRIX world;
    XMMATRIX view;
    XMMATRIX projection;
};

// 定义全局变量
HWND hwnd = NULL;
const int Width = 800;
const int Height = 600;
IDXGISwapChain* swapChain;
ID3D11Device* d3d11Device;
ID3D11DeviceContext* d3d11DeviceContext;
ID3D11RenderTargetView* renderTargetView;
ID3D11DepthStencilView* depthStencilView;
ID3D11Texture2D* depthStencilBuffer;
ID3D11InputLayout* inputLayout;
ID3D11VertexShader* vertexShader;
ID3D11PixelShader* pixelShader;
ID3D11Buffer* vertexBuffer;
ID3D11Buffer* indexBuffer;
ID3D11Buffer* matrixBuffer;
XMMATRIX worldMatrix;
XMMATRIX viewMatrix;
XMMATRIX projectionMatrix;

// 创建交换链
bool CreateSwapChain()
{
    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc = {};
    swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width = Width;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height = Height;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
    swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
    swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd;
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
    swapChainDesc.Windowed = TRUE;

    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;
    HRESULT hr = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, 0, &featureLevel, 1, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &swapChain, &d3d11Device, NULL, &d3d11DeviceContext);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create swap chain" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

// 创建渲染目标视图
bool CreateRenderTargetView()
{
    ID3D11Texture2D* backBuffer;
    HRESULT hr = swapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (void**)&backBuffer);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to get back buffer" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    hr = d3d11Device->CreateRenderTargetView(backBuffer, NULL, &renderTargetView);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create render target view" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    backBuffer->Release();

    return true;
}

// 创建深度模板缓冲区和深度模板视图
bool CreateDepthStencilBufferAndView()
{
    D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthStencilDesc = {};
    depthStencilDesc.Width = Width;
    depthStencilDesc.Height = Height;
    depthStencilDesc.MipLevels = 1;
    depthStencilDesc.ArraySize = 1;
    depthStencilDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
    depthStencilDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    depthStencilDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
    depthStencilDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    depthStencilDesc.MiscFlags = 0;

    HRESULT hr = d3d11Device->CreateTexture2D(&depthStencilDesc, NULL, &depthStencilBuffer);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create depth stencil buffer" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    hr = d3d11Device->CreateDepthStencilView(depthStencilBuffer, NULL, &depthStencilView);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create depth stencil view" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

// 创建顶点着色器
bool CreateVertexShader()
{
    ID3DBlob* vertexShaderBlob;
    HRESULT hr = D3DCompileFromFile(L"VertexShader.hlsl", NULL, NULL, "main", "vs_5_0", 0, 0, &vertexShaderBlob, NULL);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to compile vertex shader" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    hr = d3d11Device->CreateVertexShader(vertexShaderBlob->GetBufferPointer(), vertexShaderBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &vertexShader);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create vertex shader" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    // 定义顶点输入布局
    D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC inputElementDesc[] =
    {
        {"POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0},
        {"COLOR", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, 0, 12, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0}
    };

    hr = d3d11Device->CreateInputLayout(inputElementDesc, 2, vertexShaderBlob->GetBufferPointer(), vertexShaderBlob->GetBufferSize(), &inputLayout);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create input layout" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    vertexShaderBlob->Release();

    return true;
}

// 创建像素着色器
bool CreatePixelShader()
{
    ID3DBlob* pixelShaderBlob;
    HRESULT hr = D3DCompileFromFile(L"PixelShader.hlsl", NULL, NULL, "main", "ps_5_0", 0, 0, &pixelShaderBlob, NULL);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to compile pixel shader" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    hr = d3d11Device->CreatePixelShader(pixelShaderBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pixelShaderBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &pixelShader);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create pixel shader" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    pixelShaderBlob->Release();

    return true;
}

// 创建顶点缓冲区
bool CreateVertexBuffer()
{
    // 定义三棱锥的顶点数据
    Vertex vertices[] =
    {
        {XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)},  // A
        {XMFLOAT3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), XMFLOAT4(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)},  // B
        {XMFLOAT3(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), XMFLOAT4(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f)},  // C
        {XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)},  // D
        {XMFLOAT3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.5f), XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f)}   // E
    };

    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc = {};
    vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(Vertex) * 5;
    vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;

    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData = {};
    vertexBufferData.pSysMem = vertices;

    HRESULT hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, &vertexBuffer);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create vertex buffer" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

// 创建索引缓冲区
bool CreateIndexBuffer()
{
    // 定义三棱锥的索引数据
    unsigned int indices[] =
    {
        0, 1, 2,   // 底面三角形 ABC
        0, 2, 3,   // 底面三角形 ACD
        0, 1, 4,   // 侧面三角形 ABE
        1, 2, 4,   // 侧面三角形 BCE
        2, 3, 4,   // 侧面三角形 CDE
        3, 0, 4    // 侧面三角形 DAE
    };

    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc = {};
    indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(unsigned int) * 18;
    indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;

    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA indexBufferData = {};
    indexBufferData.pSysMem = indices;

    HRESULT hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &indexBufferData, &indexBuffer);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create index buffer" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

// 创建矩阵缓冲区
bool CreateMatrixBuffer()
{
    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC matrixBufferDesc = {};
    matrixBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC;
    matrixBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(MatrixBuffer);
    matrixBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
    matrixBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE;
    matrixBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;

    HRESULT hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&matrixBufferDesc, NULL, &matrixBuffer);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create matrix buffer" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

// 初始化 DirectX
bool InitDirectX()
{
    if (!CreateSwapChain())
    {
        return false;
    }

    if (!CreateRenderTargetView())
    {
        return false;
    }

    if (!CreateDepthStencilBufferAndView())
    {
        return false;
    }

    d3d11DeviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &renderTargetView, depthStencilView);

    D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport = {};
    viewport.TopLeftX = 0;
    viewport.TopLeftY = 0;
    viewport.Width = Width;
    viewport.Height = Height;
    viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
    viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;

    d3d11DeviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);

    if (!CreateVertexShader())
    {
        return false;
    }

    if (!CreatePixelShader())
    {
        return false;
    }

    if (!CreateVertexBuffer())
    {
        return false;
    }

    if (!CreateIndexBuffer())
    {
        return false;
    }

    if (!CreateMatrixBuffer())
    {
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

// 渲染场景
void RenderScene()
{
    // 设置顶点缓冲区和索引缓冲区
    unsigned int stride = sizeof(Vertex);
    unsigned int offset = 0;
    d3d11DeviceContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &vertexBuffer, &stride, &offset);
    d3d11DeviceContext->IASetIndexBuffer(indexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);

    // 设置输入布局
    d3d11DeviceContext->IASetInputLayout(inputLayout);

    // 设置基本图元类型
    d3d11DeviceContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);

    // 更新矩阵缓冲区
    MatrixBuffer matrixBufferData = {};
    matrixBufferData.world = worldMatrix;
    matrixBufferData.view = viewMatrix;
    matrixBufferData.projection = projectionMatrix;

    D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mappedResource = {};
    HRESULT hr = d3d11DeviceContext->Map(matrixBuffer, 0, D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, 0, &mappedResource);
    if (FAILED(hr))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to map matrix buffer" << std::endl;
        return;
    }

    memcpy(mappedResource.pData, &matrixBufferData, sizeof(MatrixBuffer));

    d3d11DeviceContext->Unmap(matrixBuffer, 0);

    d3d11DeviceContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &matrixBuffer);

    // 设置顶点着色器和像素着色器
    d3d11DeviceContext->VSSetShader(vertexShader, NULL, 0);
    d3d11DeviceContext->PSSetShader(pixelShader, NULL, 0);

    // 绘制图形
    d3d11DeviceContext->DrawIndexed(18, 0, 0);

    // 切换缓冲区，显示渲染结果
    swapChain->Present(0, 0);
}

// 释放资源
void Release()
{
    if (matrixBuffer)
    {
        matrixBuffer->Release();
    }

    if (indexBuffer)
    {
        indexBuffer->Release();
    }

    if (vertexBuffer)
    {
        vertexBuffer->Release();
    }

    if (pixelShader)
    {
        pixelShader->Release();
    }

    if (vertexShader)
    {
        vertexShader->Release();
    }

    if (inputLayout)
    {
        inputLayout->Release();
    }

    if (depthStencilView)
    {
        depthStencilView->Release();
    }

    if (depthStencilBuffer)
    {
        depthStencilBuffer->Release();
    }

    if (renderTargetView)
    {
        renderTargetView->Release();
    }

    if (swapChain)
    {
        swapChain->Release();
    }

    if (d3d11DeviceContext)
    {
        d3d11DeviceContext->Release();
    }

    if (d3d11Device)
    {
        d3d11Device->Release();
    }
}

// 窗口过程函数
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    switch (msg)
    {
    case WM_DESTROY:
        PostQuitMessage(0);
        break;
    }

    return DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}

int main()
{
    // 注册窗口类
    HINSTANCE hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);

    WNDCLASSEX wc = {};
    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    wc.hInstance = hInstance;
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.lpszClassName = L"DirectXWindowClass";

    RegisterClassEx(&wc);

    // 创建窗口
    hwnd = CreateWindowEx(0, L"DirectXWindowClass", L"DirectX Window", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, Width, Height, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);
    if (hwnd == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create window" << std::endl;
        return 0;
    }

    ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOW);

    // 初始化 DirectX
    if (!InitDirectX())
    {
        Release();
        return 0;
    }

    // 设置世界坐标系、物坐标系和屏幕坐标系的变换矩阵
    worldMatrix = XMMatrixIdentity();
    viewMatrix = XMMatrixLookAtLH(XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.5f, -3.0f, 0.0f), XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
    projectionMatrix = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(XM_PIDIV4,