PostgreSQL数据定义语言(DDL)深入解析:从表创建到约束定义

发布时间: 2024-07-24 06:04:06 阅读量: 34 订阅数: 22
![数据库sql的数据定义](https://img-blog.csdn.net/20160316100750863?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQv/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/Center) # 1. PostgreSQL数据定义语言(DDL)概述** 数据定义语言(DDL)是PostgreSQL中用于创建、修改和管理数据库结构的语言。它允许用户定义表、索引、约束和数据类型,从而建立和维护数据库架构。DDL语句在数据库模式的定义和演变中起着至关重要的作用。 DDL语句通常以关键字CREATE、ALTER或DROP开头,后跟要操作的对象(如表或索引)的名称。这些语句可以用于创建新对象、修改现有对象或删除不再需要的对象。通过使用DDL,数据库管理员和开发人员可以控制数据库的结构,并确保其满足应用程序和业务需求。 DDL语句的执行顺序非常重要,因为它们可以影响数据库的完整性。例如,在创建外键约束之前必须先创建主键约束。此外,DDL语句可以回滚和恢复,这在发生错误或需要撤消更改时非常有用。 # 2. 表创建与修改 ### 2.1 CREATE TABLE 语句 #### 2.1.1 表结构定义 `CREATE TABLE` 语句用于创建新的表。表结构定义指定了表中列的名称、数据类型、约束和默认值。 ```sql CREATE TABLE employees ( id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE, salary NUMERIC(10, 2) DEFAULT 0.00 ); ``` **参数说明:** - `id`: 列名,类型为 `SERIAL`,表示自增主键。 - `name`: 列名,类型为 `VARCHAR(255)`,表示可变长度字符串,最大长度为 255 个字符。 - `email`: 列名,类型为 `VARCHAR(255)`,表示可变长度字符串,最大长度为 255 个字符,并具有唯一性约束。 - `salary`: 列名,类型为 `NUMERIC(10, 2)`,表示十进制数字,精度为 10 位,小数位数为 2 位,默认值为 0.00。 **代码逻辑分析:** 此代码块创建了一个名为 `employees` 的表,其中包含四个列:`id`、`name`、`email` 和 `salary`。`id` 列是自增主键,`name` 和 `salary` 列是可变长度字符串,`email` 列具有唯一性约束,`salary` 列的默认值为 0.00。 #### 2.1.2 约束定义 约束用于限制表中数据的完整性和一致性。`CREATE TABLE` 语句允许在创建表时定义约束。 ```sql CREATE TABLE orders ( id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, product_id INT NOT NULL, quantity INT NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products (id) ); ``` **参数说明:** - `product_id`: 列名,类型为 `INT`,表示整数,不允许为 `NULL`。 - `quantity`: 列名,类型为 `INT`,表示整数,不允许为 `NULL`。 - `FOREIGN KEY (product_id)`: 外键约束,引用 `products` 表的 `id` 列,确保 `product_id` 列中的值在 `products` 表中存在。 **代码逻辑分析:** 此代码块创建了一个名为 `orders` 的表,其中包含三个列:`id`、`product_id` 和 `quantity`。`id` 列是自增主键,`product_id` 和 `quantity` 列不允许为 `NULL`。此外,还定义了一个外键约束,要求 `product_id` 列中的值必须在 `products` 表的 `id` 列中存在。 ### 2.2 ALTER TABLE 语句 #### 2.2.1 添加、删除和修改列 `ALTER TABLE` 语句用于修改现有表的结构。它可以添加、删除或修改表中的列。 ```sql ALTER TABLE employees ADD COLUMN address VARCHAR(255); ALTER TABLE employees DROP COLUMN phone_number; ALTER TABLE employees ALTER COLUMN salary TYPE NUMERIC(12, 4); `` ```
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LI_李波

资深数据库专家
北理工计算机硕士,曾在一家全球领先的互联网巨头公司担任数据库工程师,负责设计、优化和维护公司核心数据库系统,在大规模数据处理和数据库系统架构设计方面颇有造诣。
专栏简介
本专栏深入探讨了数据库数据定义语言 (DDL) 的方方面面,提供了一份全面的指南,涵盖了表、视图和索引的创建、修改和管理。专栏深入解析了 MySQL、PostgreSQL 和 Oracle 等流行数据库中的 DDL 语法,并提供了最佳实践和原则,以确保数据库结构的健壮性和效率。此外,专栏还探讨了数据类型、约束、触发器、存储过程和函数等高级概念,以及数据库架构设计、备份和恢复等重要主题。通过深入了解 DDL,读者可以掌握创建、管理和维护高效、可扩展和可靠的数据库系统所需的技能和知识。

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