MySQL事务隔离级别详解:深入理解ACID特性和隔离级别

发布时间: 2024-07-26 00:47:49 阅读量: 21 订阅数: 22
![MySQL事务隔离级别详解:深入理解ACID特性和隔离级别](https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-7197959/ti9e3deoyc.png) # 1. MySQL事务基础** 事务是数据库中一系列操作的集合,这些操作要么全部成功,要么全部失败。事务具有以下特性: * **原子性(Atomicity):**事务中的所有操作要么全部执行,要么全部不执行。 * **一致性(Consistency):**事务执行前后的数据库状态都满足一致性约束。 # 2. ACID特性与隔离级别 ### 2.1 ACID特性概述 ACID特性是数据库事务的四大基本特性,它们保证了数据库事务的可靠性和一致性。 #### 2.1.1 原子性(Atomicity) 原子性是指一个事务中的所有操作要么全部成功,要么全部失败。如果事务中任何一个操作失败,整个事务都会被回滚,数据库的状态不会发生任何变化。 #### 2.1.2 一致性(Consistency) 一致性是指一个事务将数据库从一种一致的状态转换为另一种一致的状态。事务执行前后的数据库状态都必须满足业务规则和数据完整性约束。 #### 2.1.3 隔离性(Isolation) 隔离性是指并发执行的事务彼此独立,不受其他事务的影响。每个事务都应该看到一个与其他事务隔离的数据库视图,就好像它是唯一访问数据库的事务一样。 #### 2.1.4 持久性(Durability) 持久性是指一旦一个事务提交,其对数据库所做的更改将永久保存,即使发生系统故障或崩溃。 ### 2.2 隔离级别介绍 隔离级别定义了事务之间隔离的程度,它决定了事务在并发执行时可能遇到的问题。MySQL支持四种隔离级别: #### 2.2.1 读未提交(READ UNCOMMITTED) 在读未提交隔离级别下,事务可以读取其他事务未提交的数据。这可能会导致脏读问题,即读取到其他事务尚未提交的数据,这些数据可能在稍后被回滚。 #### 2.2.2 读已提交(READ COMMITTED) 在读已提交隔离级别下,事务只能读取其他事务已提交的数据。这可以避免脏读问题,但可能导致不可重复读问题,即在同一事务中多次读取同一数据时,得到不同的结果,因为其他事务可能在两次读取之间修改了数据。 #### 2.2.3 可重复读(REPEATABLE READ) 在可重复读隔离级别下,事务在整个执行过程中看到一个一致的数据库视图。它可以避免脏读和不可重复读问题,但可能导致幻读问题,即在同一事务中多次读取同一范围的数据时,得到不同的结果,因为其他事务可能在两次读取之间插入了新的数据。 #### 2.2.4 串行化(SERIALIZABLE) 在串行化隔离级别下,事务被强制按顺序执行,就像它们是串行执行的一样。这可以避免脏读、不可重复读和幻读问题,但会严重影响并发性能。 | 隔离级别 | 脏读 | 不可重复读 | 幻读 | |---|---|---|---| | 读未提交 | 可能 | 可能 | 可能 | | 读已提交 | 不可能 | 可能 | 可能 | | 可重复读 | 不可能 | 不可能 | 可能 | | 串行化 | 不可能 | 不可能 | 不可能 | # 3. 隔离级别实践 ### 3.1 隔离级别设置 #### 3.1.1 MySQL中隔离级别的设置方法 MySQL中可以通过以下两种方式设置隔离级别: 1. **会话级别设置:** ```sql SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL [隔离级别] ``` 其中,`[隔离级别]`可以是以下值: * `READ UNCOMMITTED` * `READ COMMITTED` * `REPEATABLE READ` * `SERIALIZABLE` 2. **全局级别设置:** ```sql SET GLOBAL transaction_isolation = ```
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北理工计算机硕士,曾在一家全球领先的互联网巨头公司担任数据库工程师,负责设计、优化和维护公司核心数据库系统,在大规模数据处理和数据库系统架构设计方面颇有造诣。
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