MongoDB数据库基础知识与实战应用:NoSQL利器揭秘

发布时间: 2024-07-08 19:31:56 阅读量: 42 订阅数: 46
![tand](https://www.protoexpress.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/capacitive-indictive.png) # 1. MongoDB基础知识 MongoDB是一种流行的NoSQL数据库,以其灵活性、可扩展性和高性能而闻名。本节将介绍MongoDB的基础知识,包括其架构、数据模型和基本操作。 ### 1.1 MongoDB架构 MongoDB采用分布式架构,由以下组件组成: - **分片集群:**将数据分布在多个服务器(分片)上,以提高可扩展性和性能。 - **副本集:**为每个分片创建多个副本,以实现高可用性和数据冗余。 - **mongod:**MongoDB数据库守护进程,负责处理数据存储和查询。 - **mongos:**路由器进程,将客户端请求路由到适当的分片。 # 2. MongoDB数据建模与操作 ### 2.1 数据模型设计 #### 2.1.1 文档结构和嵌套 MongoDB采用文档数据模型,文档类似于JSON对象,包含键值对。文档可以嵌套其他文档或数组,形成复杂的数据结构。 **嵌套文档示例:** ```json { "name": "John Doe", "address": { "street": "123 Main Street", "city": "Anytown", "state": "CA", "zip": "12345" } } ``` **嵌套数组示例:** ```json { "name": "John Doe", "hobbies": ["running", "swimming", "reading"] } ``` #### 2.1.2 索引策略 索引是MongoDB中用于加速查询的特殊数据结构。索引将数据按特定字段排序,以便快速查找。 **索引类型:** * **单字段索引:**对单个字段创建索引,例如 `db.collection.createIndex({ name: 1 })` * **复合索引:**对多个字段创建索引,例如 `db.collection.createIndex({ name: 1, age: -1 })` * **唯一索引:**确保索引字段值唯一,例如 `db.collection.createIndex({ name: 1 }, { unique: true })` **索引优化:** * 创建索引时,考虑查询模式和数据分布。 * 避免创建不必要的索引,因为它们会占用存储空间并降低写入性能。 * 定期检查索引使用情况,并删除未使用的索引。 ### 2.2 数据操作 #### 2.2.1 CRUD操作 CRUD(创建、读取、更新、删除)操作是数据库中最基本的四种操作。 **创建(Create):** ```javascript db.collection.insertOne({ name: "John Doe" }); ``` **读取(Read):** ```javascript db.collection.findOne({ name: "John Doe" }); ``` **更新(Update):** ```javascript db.collection.updateOne({ name: "John Doe" }, { $set: { age: 30 } }); ``` **删除(Delete):** ```javascript db.collection.deleteOne({ name: "John Doe" }); ``` #### 2.2.2 聚合查询 聚合查询允许对数据进行分组、排序、过滤和计算。 **聚合管道示例:** ```javascript db.collection.aggregate([ { $match: { age: { $gt: 25 } } }, { $group: { _id: "$gender", count: { $sum: 1 } } } ]); ``` **参数说明:** * `$match`:过滤文档 * `$group`:对文档分组并计算聚合值 #### 2.2.3 事务与并发控制 MongoDB提供事务支持,确保在多用户环境中数据的完整性和一致性。 *
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