MySQL主从复制秘籍:原理与配置详解,打造高可用数据库

发布时间: 2024-07-28 15:05:12 阅读量: 14 订阅数: 18
![MySQL主从复制秘籍:原理与配置详解,打造高可用数据库](https://doc.sequoiadb.com/cn/index/Public/Home/images/500/Distributed_Engine/Maintainance/HA_DR/twocity_threedatacenter.png) # 1. MySQL主从复制概述** MySQL主从复制是一种数据库复制技术,它允许将数据从一个数据库服务器(主库)复制到一个或多个其他数据库服务器(从库)。主从复制的主要目的是提高数据可用性和可扩展性。 主从复制通过以下步骤实现: * 主库将数据更改记录到二进制日志中。 * 从库连接到主库,并从二进制日志中读取数据更改。 * 从库将数据更改应用到自己的数据库中,从而保持与主库的数据一致性。 # 2.1 主从复制架构与工作原理 ### 主从复制架构 MySQL主从复制是一种数据复制技术,它允许一台数据库服务器(主库)将数据更改复制到一台或多台其他数据库服务器(从库)。主从复制架构如下图所示: ```mermaid graph LR subgraph 主库 A[主库] end subgraph 从库 B[从库1] C[从库2] end A --> B A --> C ``` ### 工作原理 主从复制的工作原理如下: 1. **变更记录:**当主库上的数据发生更改时,更改将被记录在主库的二进制日志(binlog)中。 2. **日志传输:**从库通过IO线程连接到主库,并从主库的binlog中读取更改记录。 3. **SQL线程执行:**从库上的SQL线程将读取到的更改记录应用到自己的数据库中,从而使从库的数据与主库保持一致。 ### 主库和从库的角色 * **主库:**负责处理客户端请求并记录数据更改。 * **从库:**负责从主库接收和应用数据更改,不处理客户端请求。 ### 主从复制的优点 * **数据冗余:**从库提供主库数据的备份,提高了数据的可靠性和可用性。 * **负载均衡:**从库可以分担主库的读负载,提高系统的性能。 * **数据恢复:**如果主库发生故障,可以从从库恢复数据,减少数据丢失。 * **弹性扩展:**可以通过添加从库来扩展数据库系统,提高容量和性能。 ### 主从复制的局限性 * **延迟:**从库上的数据可能比主库上稍有延迟。 * **写入性能:**主从复制会增加主库的写入开销,因为每个更改都需要记录在binlog中并传输到从库。 * **复杂性:**主从复制的配置和管理需要一定的技术知识。 # 3. MySQL主从复制配置 ### 3.1 主库配置 主库配置主要包括设置复制相关参数、创建复制用户和授权、开启二进制日志等操作。 **1. 设置复制相关参数** 在主库的配置文件(如`/etc/my.cnf`)中,添加或修改以下参数: ``` server-id=1 log-bin=mysql-bin binlog-do-db=db1,db2 binlog-ignore-db=db3,db4 ``` * `server-id`:主库的唯一标识符,必须是不同的整数。 * `log-bin`:开启二进制日志,并指定日志文件名。 * `binlog-do-db`:指定需要复制的数据库。 * `binlog-ignore-db`:指定不需要复制的数据库。 **2. 创建复制用户和授权** 创建用于从库连接主库的复制用户,并授予必要的权限: ``` CREATE USER 'repl'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'%'; ``` * `repl`:复制用户的用户名。 * `password`:复制用户的密码。 * `*.*`:授予对所有数据库和表进行复制的权限。 **3. 开启二进制日志** 如果二进制日志未开启,则需要手动开启: ``` SET GLOBAL binlog_format=ROW; START SLAVE; ``` * `SET GLOBAL binlog_format=ROW`:设置二进制日志格式为行格式。 * `START SLAVE`:启动主库上的复制线程。 ### 3.2 从库配置 从库配置主要包括设置复制相关参数、创建复制用户和授权、连接主库并启动复制等操作。 **1. 设置复制相关参数** 在从库的配置文件中,添加或修改以下参数: ``` server-id=2 log-slave-updates=1 read-only=1 ``` * `server-id`:从库的唯一标识符,必须与主库不同。 * `log-slave-updates`:记录从库上执行的更新操作,以便在故障恢复时使用。 * `read-only`:将从库设置为只读模式,防止意外写入。 **2. 创建复制用户和授权** 在从库上创建与主库相同的复制用户,并授予必要的权限: ``` CREATE USER 'repl'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'%'; ``` **3. 连接主库并启动复制** 使用复制用户连接主库,并启动复制: ``` CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='ma ```
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LI_李波

资深数据库专家
北理工计算机硕士,曾在一家全球领先的互联网巨头公司担任数据库工程师,负责设计、优化和维护公司核心数据库系统,在大规模数据处理和数据库系统架构设计方面颇有造诣。
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本专栏深入探讨了数据库技术,特别关注 JSON 数据的处理和管理。从 MySQL 数据库的性能优化到 MongoDB 和 Redis 数据库的实战应用,文章涵盖了各种数据库主题。此外,还提供了 JSON 数据在 Web 开发、移动开发和物联网中的应用指南,以及 JSON 数据与关系型数据库和 XML 数据的比较。通过深入浅出的讲解和丰富的实战案例,本专栏旨在帮助读者掌握数据库技术,提升数据处理和管理能力,为各种应用程序的开发和优化提供实用指导。
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