Linux游戏编程入门指南

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"本书《Programming Linux Games》由Loki Software, Inc.的John R. Hall撰写， Animprint of No Starch Press出版，旨在为读者提供Linux游戏开发的入门指南。内容涵盖电子和机械方式的复制、记录以及信息存储和检索系统，强调了对版权的尊重。书中可能涉及到商标名称，但仅用于编辑目的，并无侵犯商标之意。" 在Linux环境下开发游戏是一项技术性强且富有挑战性的工作。Linux游戏编程主要涉及以下几个关键知识点： 1. **编程语言**：Linux游戏开发通常使用C++或C语言，因为它们提供了底层访问硬件的能力，对于游戏性能至关重要。此外，Python和Java等高级语言也可用于游戏逻辑和工具开发。 2. **图形库**：OpenGL是Linux游戏开发中广泛使用的图形库，它提供了2D和3D图形渲染功能。了解OpenGL API，包括顶点、着色器、纹理映射等概念，是必要的。 3. **物理引擎**：游戏中的动态效果通常需要物理引擎支持，如Box2D和Bullet提供2D和3D物理模拟。 4. **音频处理**：Alsa和PulseAudio是Linux下的音频系统，游戏开发者需要理解和使用这些API来实现声音效果。 5. **输入处理**：处理键盘、鼠标、游戏手柄等输入设备，通常通过X11或Wayland窗口系统的API实现。 6. **游戏框架**：有些游戏框架如SDL (Simple DirectMedia Layer) 和 GLFW简化了跨平台的游戏开发，它们封装了常见的低级操作，如窗口管理、事件处理等。 7. **网络编程**：多人在线游戏需要网络编程技术，如TCP/IP和UDP协议，以及处理延迟、同步等问题。 8. **脚本语言**：Lua和Python等脚本语言常用于游戏逻辑，提供易于编写和调试的游戏规则。 9. **版本控制**：Git是常见的代码版本控制系统，用于团队协作和代码管理。 10. **构建工具和包管理**：Makefile、CMake等工具用于编译和构建项目，而包管理器如dpkg和rpm帮助管理和安装依赖。 11. **性能优化**：理解CPU和GPU的性能特性，以及如何通过多线程、异步处理、内存管理等方式优化游戏性能。 12. **测试与调试**：GDB等调试工具，以及单元测试框架如Google Test，用于确保游戏的质量和稳定性。通过本书，读者将能够学习到Linux游戏开发的基础知识，逐步掌握从游戏设计到实际编程的各个环节。同时，书中可能还会探讨发布和分发游戏的策略，以及与社区互动的方法，这些都是成功游戏开发的重要组成部分。

iv PREFACE

Game programming has been one of my hobbies ever since my ﬁrst Commodore

64 computer, and I wasn’t about to leave it behind when I left the Windows

world for Linux. The SVGALib library held me over for a while, but SDL

quickly took over as my favorite way to write Linux games. After meeting the

Loki crew at a Linux trade show, I decided that Linux gaming meant business,

and got the idea to write a book about it. A year later, it is ﬁnally ﬁnished, and

I hope you enjoy reading it.

Who This Book Is For

This book is for anyone who wants to learn how to write games for Linux. I

assume that you know the basics of working with Linux; if you know enough to

start X, open a terminal, copy ﬁles around, and ﬁre up a text editor, you’re good

to go. I also assume that you have a reasonable grasp of the C programming

language. Flip through the book and see if you can decipher the syntax of the

examples. We’ll go through all of the necessary library calls, so don’t worry if

you see a bunch of unfamiliar function names, but you should be able to

understand the majority of the actual code. No prior experience with

multimedia programming is assumed, so don’t worry if you’ve never had the

perverse pleasure of hacking a graphics register or shoving a pixel into memory.

All in good time!

Although this isn’t a reference manual in the traditional sense, chapters 4, 5, 6,

and 8 provide reference boxes for most of the API functions we cover. I hope

that even experienced multimedia programmers can ﬁnd something useful here.

I will not discuss 3D programming in this book. There are already plenty of

excellent books on OpenGL, and only a small bit of OpenGL programming is

directly related to Linux. However, I will demonstrate how to use SDL as an

eﬀective replacement for the GLUT toolkit; see page 140.

Online Resources

I made the decision to not include a CD-ROM with this book. This choice was

both personal and pragmatic. Books CDs tend to get lost or damaged, no

matter how hard one tries to keep them in a safe place. CD inserts are usually

impossible to open without damaging the book in some way. And ﬁnally, the

PREFACE v

data that would be contained on the CD (presumably the libraries and examples

we’ll talk about in this book) would be obsolete by the time the book hit the

press.

Instead, we’ve put together a Web site with all the book’s examples and links to

various libraries you’ll need. You can access this site from either

http://www.nostarch.com or http://www.lokigames.com. Feel free to share

the example code with your friends and colleagues, and use it in your projects;

license details are included in the code archive.

Acknowledgements

This book would not have been possible without help from a lot of people.

No Starch Press was a pleasure to work with, even when I switched from SGML

to L

X in the middle of the project and mentioned that I would need printouts

instead of Word documents for copyedit. I thank everyone at

No Starch—especially Karol Jurado and Bill Pollock—for their patience and

willingness to accomodate a ﬁrst-time author. Thanks also to Amanda Staab for

making Programming Linux Games known to the world.

I’d like to thank the Loki crew for keeping my life interesting during the summer

of 2000; especially Sam Lantinga for tolerating my never-ending SDL and

framebuﬀer console questions, Joe Valenzuela for helping me get up to speed on

OpenAL, and Lance Colvin for providing me with a place to stay during the

summer. Scott Draeker was always there to answer questions and provide

feedback, even in the midst of slipping deadlines an an ever-changing table of

contents. This book would not have happened without his ongoing support.

The following people deserve a virtual beer for helping me in various ways. The

list is long, but so was the process of writing this book. Here goes:

Martin Donlon for starting the SDL Documentation Project and providing me

with helpful hints as I wrote Chapter 4, Ray Kelm for for commenting on Win32

portability issues, Matt Friedly of http://phluid.acid.org for allowing me to

use some of his tracker music (reﬂux.ogg) in Penguin Warrior, my Georgia Tech

roommates Daniel Larsen, Matt Might, Anthony Chen, and Frank Cheng for

tolerating my odd hacking hours and ﬁts of frustration over badly-documented

APIs, Mike Phillips for obtaining excellent screenshots (which unfortunately I

could not use due to the virtual impossibility of dealing with game company

vi PREFACE

legal departments), my IBM Model M keyboard for not breaking regardless of

the velocity of my ﬁst, Andy Mecham of Loki for pyrotechnic entertainment,

Nicholas Vining for helping me test code and getting me involved with the

Kosmos Online project, Steve Shack for pointing out inaccuracies, Mathew Lang

for scouring Chapter 1 with an avid gamer’s eye, Lee Nau for pointing out

errors, David Megginson and Andreas Umbach for screenshots, Damon Ragno,

Michele Bini, and Mitch Allmond for helping me test the networking code,

Terry Hendrix for telling me I was insane (apologies for forgetting your real

name; everyone online knows you as the ubiquitous “Mongoose”),

Erik de Castro Lopo for libsndﬁle, Jason Wong, Andrew Buckner, and the rest of

the netfeters for screenshots and comments, David Hedbor, Steven Fuller,

Dan Olson, Mike Delaney, Anoakie Turner, and a bot named Nerf for making

IRC interesting, Brian Crowder, Ryan Gordon, Michael Vance,

Andrew Henderson the assembly guru, Daniel Vogel, Bernd Kreimeier,

Terry Warner, David Ranger, Kris Doyle, Brad Harris, Steven Reinemund,

Patrick Buchanan (deﬁnitely not to be confused with the presidential candidate

by the same name), Kyle Johnson, Josh Litherland, Ola Nordstr¨om,

Amir Ebrahimi, Sonny Rao, David Shea, Moshe Jacobson, Lincoln Durey,

St´ephane Peter, Mike Imamura, Pedro Pla, and anyone else whom I may have

left out. Writing a book is a long and fairly dull process. You made it a lot

easier.

I’d also like to thank all of my professors from years past. I can’t hope to name

them all here (nor are you likely interested in viewing such a catalog), but in

particular I would like to acknowledge Dr. Richard Newcomb, for being a truly

remarkable high school calculus teacher as well as getting me started with T

Greg Novinski for guiding me away from trouble for eight years at Cistercian, Fr.

Gregory Schweers, Jackie Greenﬁeld, Gary Nied, and Dr. Tom Pruit for

teaching me how to write, Fr. Mark Ripperger for feeding my programming and

electronics addiction, and Fr. Denis Farkasfalvy for a certain incident a few years

ago that I’m sure he recalls.

And of course my parents. I simply could not have written this book without

their encouragement and support.

John Hall

Atlanta, GA

2 CHAPTER 1

This book is not about game design, the mathematics of 3D graphics, or

advanced OpenGL programming. These topics are best left to books of their

own; I could not hope to do them justice here. However, with the knowledge you

will gain from this book, you will be prepared to tackle these topics later on.

Before we begin our discussion of Linux game programming, let’s take a quick

glance at our surroundings in the gaming industry so that you can better

understand what goes into this type of project.

A Quick Survey of Game Genres

Computer games tend to fall into any one of a number of distinct genres. Many

players have strong preferences for certain genres, which makes this an

important issue for game designers to consider. And, the presentation of a game

concept can make an enormous diﬀerence in its success.

Simulation Games

The simulation genre encompasses a wide variety of games, from ﬂight

simulators to Mech combat scenarios. An ideal simulator provides a high level of

realism in graphics, sound, and game physics. Some popular simulation games

are Heavy Gear II, MechWarrior, and Microsoft Flight Simulator. The basic goal

of any simulation game is to put the player behind the controls of something

exciting, something that he or she probably would not have access to in real life.

Simulations strive for immersion.

Simulation games (sims) are basically at two extremes. Some simulations aim for

absolute realism, seeking to entertain the player with an almost completely

accurate portrayal of real life. These “games” are sometimes even used for

real-life training purposes. Other sims, like the Heavy Gear and MechWarrior

series, trade realism for pure entertainment value. These games are based only

loosely on reality; they simulate imaginary vehicles with extraordinary but

rather impossible capabilities. (Interestingly, the MechWarrior and Heavy Gear

computer games are based on pencil-and-paper role-playing games.)

Simulations pose a serious development challenge. Since a good modern

simulation requires high-quality 3D graphics, detailed vehicle models, a game

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