GCC 4.9.0 编译器详解： GNU 组织的编译原理指南

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"《Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC version 4.9.0)》是GNU组织编写的一本关于GCC编译器的书籍，详细介绍了GCC如何处理C、C++和Java语言的编译过程，有助于读者深入理解编译原理。这本书由Richard M. Stallman和GCC开发者社区共同完成，由GNUPress出版。" 本文将深入探讨GCC 4.9.0版本的特性及其在C、C++和Java编程中的应用。GCC，全称为GNU Compiler Collection，是一个广泛使用的开源编译器套件，支持多种编程语言。它不仅包含C和C++的编译器，还包括了Fortran、Objective-C、Ada等语言的编译工具。在C语言方面，GCC提供了强大的语法检查和优化功能，例如，它能检测出代码中的潜在错误，并在编译时给出警告。此外，GCC还支持各种编译选项来控制代码的优化级别，从基本的O1到更复杂的O3，允许开发者根据需求调整性能与代码大小之间的平衡。对于C++，GCC实现了标准模板库（STL），包括容器、迭代器和算法等，这些都是现代C++编程的基础。同时，GCC还支持C++11及更高版本的标准，包括lambda表达式、右值引用、类型推断等新特性，使得C++代码更加简洁和高效。对于Java，GCC通过其前端Javac编译器，将Java源代码转换为字节码，然后可以在Java虚拟机上运行。GCC支持Java的多线程、异常处理以及类库接口，使得Java开发者可以利用GCC的强大功能进行跨平台开发。 GCC的编译过程分为预处理、编译、汇编和链接四个阶段。预处理阶段处理宏定义、条件编译指令等；编译阶段将预处理后的代码转化为汇编语言；汇编阶段将汇编语言转换成机器码；链接阶段则将各个目标文件合并，形成最终的可执行程序。书中可能详细讨论了每个阶段的工作原理，以及如何通过GCC的命令行选项定制编译行为。例如，开发者可以通过`-E`选项只进行预处理，`-S`选项进行到汇编阶段，`-c`选项编译到对象文件，而`-o`用于指定输出文件名。此外，GCC还支持跨平台编译，允许在一种架构上构建适用于其他架构的代码。这对于嵌入式系统和跨平台软件开发尤为重要。GCC的可移植性也是其广受欢迎的原因之一。通过学习本书，读者不仅能掌握GCC的使用技巧，还能深入理解编译器的工作原理，这对软件开发、性能优化以及调试等方面都有极大的帮助。同时，了解开源编译器如GCC的工作方式，也有助于理解整个开源软件生态系统的运作。

Chapter 2: Language Standards Supported by GCC 5

2 Language Standards Supported by GCC

For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC attempts to follow

one or more versions of that standard, possibly with some exceptions, and possibly with

some extensions.

2.1 C language

GCC supports three versions of the C standard, although support for the most recent version

is not yet complete.

The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratiﬁed in 1989 and published in 1990.

This standard was ratiﬁed as an ISO standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There

were no technical diﬀerences between these publications, although the sections of the ANSI

standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. This standard, in

both its forms, is commonly known as C89, or occasionally as C90, from the dates of

ratiﬁcation. The ANSI standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale

document. To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c90’ or

‘-std=iso9899:1990’; to obtain all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should

also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’ if you want them to be errors rather than

warnings). See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 31.

Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical Corrigenda published

in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This amendment added

digraphs and __STDC_VERSION__ to the language, but otherwise concerned the library. This

amendment is commonly known as AMD1; the amended standard is sometimes known as

C94 or C95. To select this standard in GCC, use the option ‘-std=iso9899:199409’ (with,

as for other standard versions, ‘-pedantic’ to receive all required diagnostics).

A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC 9899:1999, and

is commonly known as C99. GCC has substantially complete support for this standard

version; see http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html for details. To select this standard,

use ‘-std=c99’ or ‘-std=iso9899:1999’. (While in development, drafts of this standard

version were referred to as C9X.)

Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical Corrigenda published

in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

A fourth version of the C standard, known as C11, was published in 2011 as ISO/IEC

9899:2011. GCC has substantially complete support for this standard, enabled with

‘-std=c11’ or ‘-std=iso9899:2011’. (While in development, drafts of this standard

version were referred to as C1X.)

By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that on rare occasions con-

ﬂict with the C standard. See Chapter 6 [Extensions to the C Language Family], page 349.

Use of the ‘-std’ options listed above will disable these extensions where they conﬂict with

the C standard version selected. You may also select an extended version of the C language

explicitly with ‘-std=gnu90’ (for C90 with GNU extensions), ‘-std=gnu99’ (for C99 with

GNU extensions) or ‘-std=gnu11’ (for C11 with GNU extensions). The default, if no C lan-

guage dialect options are given, is ‘-std=gnu90’; this is intended to change to ‘-std=gnu11’

in some future release. Some features that are part of the C99 standard are accepted as

6 Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

extensions in C90 mode, and some features that are part of the C11 standard are accepted

as extensions in C90 and C99 modes.

The ISO C standard deﬁnes (in clause 4) two classes of conforming implementation. A

conforming hosted implementation supports the whole standard including all the library fa-

cilities; a conforming freestanding implementation is only required to provide certain library

facilities: those in <float.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, and <stddef.h>; since AMD1,

also those in <iso646.h>; since C99, also those in <stdbool.h> and <stdint.h>; and since

C11, also those in <stdalign.h> and <stdnoreturn.h>. In addition, complex types, added

in C99, are not required for freestanding implementations. The standard also deﬁnes two

environments for programs, a freestanding environment, required of all implementations and

which may not have library facilities beyond those required of freestanding implementations,

where the handling of program startup and termination are implementation-deﬁned, and a

hosted environment, which is not required, in which all the library facilities are provided

and startup is through a function int main (void) or int main (int, char *[]). An OS

kernel would be a freestanding environment; a program using the facilities of an operating

system would normally be in a hosted implementation.

GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding implementation, or as the

compiler for a conforming hosted implementation. By default, it will act as the compiler for a

hosted implementation, deﬁning __STDC_HOSTED__ as 1 and presuming that when the names

of ISO C functions are used, they have the semantics deﬁned in the standard. To make it act

as a conforming freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the option

‘-ffreestanding’; it will then deﬁne __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0 and not make assumptions

about the meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions noted

below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make your own arrangements for

linking and startup. See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 31.

GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted implementations, nor

yet all the facilities required by C99 of freestanding implementations on all platforms; to use

the facilities of a hosted environment, you will need to ﬁnd them elsewhere (for example,

in the GNU C library). See Section 11.5 [Standard Libraries], page 750.

Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in ‘libgcc’, but there

are a few exceptions. GCC requires the freestanding environment provide memcpy, memmove,

memset and memcmp. Finally, if __builtin_trap is used, and the target does not implement

the trap pattern, then GCC will emit a call to abort.

For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and information concerning

the history of C that is available online, see http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html

2.2 C++ language

GCC supports the original ISO C++ standard (1998) and contains experimental support for

the second ISO C++ standard (2011).

The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These

standards are referred to as C++98 and C++03, respectively. GCC implements the majority

of C++98 (export is a notable exception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select

this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c++98’, or ‘-std=c++03’; to

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