2017年BHAAAS国际研讨会：先进科技应用全景

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"Advanced Technologies, Systems, and Applications II" 是一本集合创新与跨学科应用的专著，它源自2017年5月在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的Banja Vrućica和Teslić举办的第九届BHAAAS（波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那美国艺术与科学学院）活动。这本书的内容涵盖了广泛的前沿技术和发展方法论，通过计算、网络、信息技术、机器人技术、复杂系统、通信、能源、机械工程、经济和医学等多个领域的应用视角来审视这些进步。书中由Mirsad Hadžikadić和Samir Avdaković共同编辑，收录了国际研讨会——创新与先进技术应用国际研讨会(IAT)的论文，该研讨会强调了这些先进技术在现实生活中的实际应用。"LectureNotes in Networks and Systems"系列，由Janusz Kacprzyk博士担任系列编辑，他是波兰科学院的成员，其电子邮箱地址为kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl。这个系列书籍旨在快速、非正式且高质量地发布网络和系统领域的新发展动态。 "Advanced Technologies, Systems, and Applications II" 的出版物不仅关注网络和系统的各个方面，还包括这些领域的新兴挑战。书中的内容涵盖了一系列子领域，如：网络安全物理系统、自治系统、传感器网络、控制系统、能源系统、汽车系统、生物系统、车联网和自动驾驶车辆、航空航天系统、自动化、制造业、智能电网、非线性系统等。每一章都是科研报告和后续出版物的精华，反映了当前科技的前沿研究。通过阅读这本书，读者可以深入理解这些先进技术如何相互交织，以及它们如何在各自领域推动创新，为现实生活带来深远的影响。无论是对科研人员、工程师还是政策制定者来说，这本书都是一份宝贵的参考资料，有助于把握未来科技发展的趋势和可能的应用方向。

Electric Energy Losses Estimation in Power

Distribution System—Tuzla Canton Case

Study

Šeila Gruhonjić Ferhatbegović

1(&)

, Izet Džananović

and Samir Avdaković

PE Elektroprivreda B&H, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

s.gruhonjic@epbih.ba

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and

Herzegovina

Abstract. The method for estimation of electrical energy losses in distribution

system from the place of taking electrical energy from network of transmission

company or other suppliers to the place of delivery to the end customers and

determination the structure of losses by voltage levels is presented. For part of

the distribution network for which the losses are calculated, constant losses, load

dependent losses and losses in components of electrodistribution network are

taken into account. Distribution losses by voltage levels is made by balancing

the total electrical energy losses and losses estimated by method of stationary

load ﬂow calculations on medium-voltage (MV) of certain electrodistribution

network. The presented method is very practical and by its application the parts

of electrodistribution system with increased losses are located with high relia-

bility. Results of analysis of electrical energy losses, which is done by presented

method, can be taken as a reliable basis for taking action in the aim of reducing

total losses in electrodistribution network. The results of practical analysis are

presented for the area of Tuzla Canton—Bosnia and Herzegovina.

1 Introduction

The problem of electrical power and energy losses in electrodistribution systems is

continuing and relevant topic for companies engaged in distribution of electrical

energy. The electrical power losses respectively electrical energy losses are presented

as one of the key indicator of business efﬁciency and quality of the business processes

of electrical energy distribution. The total losses of electrical energy in distribution

system are monitor ed on a mont hly and annual basis and calculated as the difference

between total taken and delivered electrical energy. Technical (physical) and

non-technical (i.e. commercial) losses are included in the total losses. It is necessary to

determine the technical and commercial losses by analysis in the aim of maki ng

business decisions which are intended to reduce the total amount of electrical energy

losses in the observed network. Technical losses in the network are calculated by using

appropriate computational method, but it should be noted that the estimation of losses

in the distribution network especially demanding because of the speciﬁc topology and a

M. Hadžikadić and S. Avdaković (eds.), Advanced Technologies, Systems,

and Applications II, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 28,

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71321-2_1

large number of customers. In electrodistribution compa nies there are commonly used

computer programs for calculation of electrical power losses and methods for calcu-

lation of electrical losses has been developed too. Electric power distribution system,

for which the losses are calculated should be fully modeled by applying the methods

for modeling all elements of the system. Due to unavailability of time load diagram and

large number of customer connections, certain approximations often are applied in the

estimations of losses in the aim of obtaining a more reliable results from the available

data. Generally, in the literature a large number of paper dealing with domain of losses

in electrodistribution systems can be found [1–6].

The current method of monitoring losses in the actual electrodistribution (in the part

relating to the Tuzla Canton) are described in the paper and the procedure of estimation

technical losses of electrical power and electrical energy in 10 and 20 kV network,

transformer 10/0,4 and 20/0,4 kV are shown. For the estimated technical losses of

electrical power and electrical energy on the observed network part, it is necessary to

determine structure of losses to the network elements and make separation of losses to

constant losses and load dependent losses. The presented methodology of losses esti-

mation is based on the existing resources in terms of available measurement of elec-

trical energy, calculations and network model. The purpose of the analysis of energy

losses is to locate places in the network where the losses are greater than the average.

After the analysis the corrective investment activities are undertaken, such as reha-

bilitation or reconstrucions of existing networks or building new parts of network, or

procedures and activities to optimize load distribution, balancing network and control

of connection places at the end customers are imp lemented in the existing network. In

the case of losses analysis, it operates with a large number of data, but the main

objective of analysis is to identify the parts of the network to which is necessary to

implement corrective actions and by priority of largest effect (economic and technical).

The estimation and monitoring methodology of losses are coordinated with busi-

ness policy and strategic business decision in the ﬁeld of electrical energy losses in

distribution activities of JP Elektroprivreda BiH d.d. Sarajevo (JP EP BiH). Distribu-

tion activity of electrical energy in JP EP BiH is realised in ﬁve Branches (Bihać,

Mostar, Sarajevo, Tuzla i Zen ica) hereinafter described as the distribution parts or

abbreviated ED. Branches are divided into several business units of distribution (PJD),

which usually include the area of a municipality. A concrete example of analysis of

losses for the Branch Tuzla (ED Tuzla) and twelve associated PJD, is presented in the

paper, in 2015.

Generaly observed, the total losses of electrical energy in electrodistribution net-

work of JP EP BiH, are in the level of losses in electrodistribution networks in

neighboring countries or even lower. According to available reports, technical losses in

the distribution, according to the experience of the developed electric power company,

should not exceed 4,5% of taken electrical energy. The method of losses separation by

voltage levels can be carried out for distribution areas which belong to certain PJD,

supply transformer station (TS) or 10(20) kV feeder. The advantage of this method is

application to smaller distribution areas (PJD, TS or 10 and 20 kV outputs) to get a

more realistic presentation about causes of losses and easier determination of methods

to reduce them.

4 S. G. Ferhatbegović et al.

of power distribution companies starts from medium voltage, and TS 110/x kV are

under the jurisdiction of the transmission company. The total length of overhead power

networks of ED Tuzla, which operates at volt age level 10 and 20 kV, is about

1.313 km, and cable network is about 366 km. The recorded overhead low-voltage

network has length of 6.489 km and cable network is abo ut 321 km. The models of

MV network for estimation have satisfactory reliability and comply with the situation

in the ﬁeld, while the models of LV networks should be further developed.

2.2 Estimation of Total Losses

Electrical energy losses are estimated on a monthly and annual basis for all distribution

parts of JP EP BiH. In composition of certain Branch, losses are calculated separately

by respective business units of distribution (PJD). For example, in the case of ED

Tuzla, the total losses and losses for each of the twelve PJD are calculated. Losses that

are planned in the energy balance are the total losses incurred as the difference of taken

electrical energy and supplied electrical energy to customers for a particular accounting

period:

loss

%½¼

tak

kWh½W

sup

kWh½

tak

kWh½

 100 %½ ð1Þ

where is:

• W

tak

—taken electrical energy from supplier

• W

sup

—supplied electrical energy to customers, for certain distribution area, i.e. for

certain PJD

The losses of electrical energy estimated in this manner consist technical and all

other losses, also called commercial. The locations where taken electrical energy W

are

measured are installed on the locations of taking electrical energy from suppliers on 10

(20) kV or 35 kV voltage in tie or supplied trans former station (TS), and supplied

electrical energy W

isp

is measured by measuring devices installed at the locations of end

customers on 35 kV, 10(20) kV i 0,4 kV voltage levels. Managing of electrical energy

losses means systematic monitoring and analysis of the losses on a monthly and annual

Fig. 2. Electrical energy losses (%) in JP Elektroprivreda BiH (2011–2015)

6 S. G. Ferhatbegović et al.

basis and take procedures to reduce them in order to achieve the planne d objectives. The

losses of electrical energy in JP EP BiH are shown in the Fig. 2 (2011–2015.).

2.3 Technical Losses in Distribution MV Network

Technical loss es in the distribution system components are divided into losses

dependent on the voltage and losses dependent on the current. Losses dependent on

voltage are called idle running losses. Idle running losses are const ant losses and due to

maintaining power network in station of continuing operation ability for supplying

customers with electrical energy. Idle running losses are consisted from losses in the

transformer cores and dielectric losses in cables and capacitors. Losses which depend

on the current are subsequent of current passing through the components of the power

system and they are dependent on the current squared or on the amount of transmitted

electrical energy. Losses in transmission networks are smaller than the losses in dis-

tribution networks and technical losses in transmission networks can be precisely

determined in relation to the losses in distribution networks. Technical losses depend

on the length and cross section in the network. Calculation of technical losses of

electrical power and electrical energy can be made only if a model of the network and

certain values of distrib uted loads are available. The results of calculation of power

ﬂows, which are presented in this paper have been calculated in the software package

PowerCad. Stationary power ﬂow calcul ation was made according to the method of

peak load [6–10]. Calculations are performed separately for each PJD and calculated

losses are technical losses of electrical power in: 10(20) kV network, transformers 10

(20)/0,4 kV, transformers in TS 35/10(20) kV and in 35 kV feeders . The values of

distributed loads are set at 0.4 kV side of TS 10(20)/0,4 kV. For a reliable calculation

of the power losses, in addition to the so-called passive network model (drawn all lines

and transformers) it is very important to specify the correct input on the average peak

load. Based on the calculation results of electric power losses, the approximate cal-

culation of electrical energy losses has been done on the annual level. For operating

conditions, corresponding to the measurements of the load diagram on 10(20) kV

feeders and transformers in TS, the constant losses (P

) are separated, which create

annual losses of electrical energy W

¼ P

 8760 ð2Þ

For the calculation of user time and annual losses of energy, it can be used the next

relation:

loss

var

¼ a  T

þ 1  aðÞ

8760

ð3Þ

where is:

• T

loss

—time of losses duration or estimated user time

• W

var

—annual losses of electrical energy dependent on loads

• P

var

loss

− P

—losses of electrical power dependent on loads

Electric Energy Losses Estimation 7

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