Linux Format UK 2021: 6月刊 - 开源游戏编码与系统监控

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"Linux Format UK June 2021.pdf" 这期的《Linux Format》杂志是2021年6月刊，专注于开源技术，提供了丰富的教程和专题文章。内容涵盖广泛，包括游戏编码、实时系统监控、服务器管理、复古计算机体验、Linux内核编译以及个人云存储解决方案等。在游戏编码方面，杂志介绍了如何开发一款自上而下的射击游戏，这对于那些想要学习游戏编程的读者来说是非常实用的教程，通过这个过程，读者可以深入理解游戏开发的基本原理和技术。对于系统监控，文章讲解了如何使用Python实时监控和绘制系统使用数据。这对于系统管理员来说是至关重要的技能，能够帮助他们实时了解系统的运行状况，及时发现和解决问题。控制服务器的部分，提到了Cockpit工具，这是一个用户友好的界面，让远程管理Linux服务器变得更加简单，无论你是在本地还是远程，都可以轻松地进行配置和监控。回顾经典计算，杂志引导读者重温Commodore PET这款老式计算机，对于怀旧的科技爱好者和历史研究者而言，这是一个深入了解早期个人电脑发展的好机会。此外，杂志还提供了一个关于如何编译高效率Linux内核的教程，特别是针对Gentoo发行版。Gentoo以其高度定制性和编译优化著称，这将帮助高级用户和开发者进一步优化他们的系统性能。在软件推荐方面，杂志对比测试了几款浏览器，包括Brave 1.22、Falkon 3.1、Opera 75、Slimjet 14和Vivaldi 3.7，帮助读者找到更快、更安全、更适合自己的选项。面对Google Photos的免费存储政策改变，杂志提出了建立个人云存储解决方案，保护照片并避免额外费用的建议，这对于注重隐私和数据自主性的用户来说非常有价值。《Linux Format UK June 2021》提供了大量关于Linux和开源技术的深度内容，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的用户，都能从中找到感兴趣的主题和实用技巧。

MAILSERVER

June 2021 LXF276 15

www.techradar.com/pro/linux

shane_collinge@yahoo.com

more expensive than

Intel or they’re not as

fast as an AMD desktop

or they’re not as cheap

as a Chromebook?

I’d suspect that

Canonical as a

business would be

more likely to create a

rack-based RISC-V

server to offer a

lower-power, lower-

running cost,

specifically tooled

internet service

appliance to enterprise

and infrastructure customers. Much like Amazon does

with its Arm-based Graviton2 line of 64-core SoCs. I

know what you’re thinking – that’s not as exciting.

Dodgy digital

I’ve just renewed my Linux Format subscription and

have been directed to use Pocketmags. What a

dreadful user experience that is. A tortuous

registration process – why do they want all that

detail? So they can market stuff to me that I don’t

want I suspect.

Eventually I get to a friendly button that says Read

Now which eventually loads a blank page with

forward and back arrows but no content.

LETTER OF THE MONTH

Pro no Pro

I’ve come across a number of people now referring to Arch as a

professional distro. Is that really the case? I know it’s often described

as difficult to install, but if anything that feels like the opposite of

what a professional would be after.

Simon Francis

Neil says…

You’re right, Arch Linux is not what you’d deploy in a “professional”

environment. I’m not saying you couldn’t run servers using Arch and I’m

not saying “professional” software isn’t available for Arch, because it very

much is and Arch often gets packages first, but does Google use Arch?

Does Amazon run Arch? No, they’ll use Debian, Ubuntu or Cent OS

because they’re reliable and boring. Arch is for enthusiasts and tinkering.

At least Arch has a

decent logo.

Graviton is something of a

game-changing server-based

SoC from Amazon.

Readly is an

excellent way to

access loads of

magazines, but not

our LXF Archive.

For a leading computer title this is a disgrace.

What’s wrong with the link to a PDF we had before?

David Baxter

Neil says…

We’re going to go down to the Subscription Dungeon of

Linux Format Towers and express our misgivings using

some colourful metaphors. Sorry to hear about your

bad experience. We were still under the impression

there was a dedicated Linux Format app on Android and

iOS for our own digital subscriptions. We have in the

past suggested PocketMags, Zinno and Readly as third-

party options. We recommend subscribing via our own

www.magazinesdirect.com and you get to retain LXF

Archive access and those sweet, sweet, DRM-free PDFs.

Plus we might get to stay in business a little longer!

June 2021 LXF276 17

www.techradar.com/pro/linux

generation SSDs, this month sees the introduction of

Intel’s Rocket Lake, which has PCIe 4.0 support on the

positives column. Basically, if you’re looking to upgrade

in the near future, we’d recommend most PCIe 4.0

drives over the Samsung 980 for that reason alone.

They’re backwards compatible, and will be there when

you do upgrade to a fully compliant PCIe 4.0 platform.

Old school platform aside, the performance on offer

here is perfectly acceptable. The writes can be on the

slow side, managing just 2,640MB/s and 2,553MB/s in

sequential testing. This lags behind other PCIe 3.0

drives, including the Samsung 970 EVO, but not by a

tremendous amount. And the Samsung 980 claws this

deficit back in the 4K tests nicely; this will make a great

speedy OS drive.

The real-world tests are a bit more telling though,

with the 30GB folder transfer taking two minutes and

40 seconds to complete. That’s 14 seconds slower than

the 970 EVO, and 11 seconds behind the WD SN750. The

game-loading benchmark took 8.358 seconds, which

isn’t bad for a PCIe 3.0 drive, although almost a second

behind the fastest drives out there.

he Samsung 980 is the

latest M.2 NVMe SSD to

hit the virtual shelves.

Unlike the Samsung 980 Pro

version that came before it, this is

a PCIe 3.0 drive, but keep reading.

This means the sequential read

and write speeds top out a lot

lower than its predecessor – half

for the reads in fact, and not far

off that for the writes as well.

The good news is the price has

dropped in line with this spec as

well, and at £120 for this 1TB model,

you’re looking at £0.12/GB.

Three new drives are being introduced, with this 1TB

drive being joined by 500GB and 250GB SSDs as well.

All the drives use the same Samsung Pablo controller,

backed up by the company’s own sixth-generation

V-NAND, which is the same as can be found in the 980

Pro. This 1TB drive is the fastest of three thanks to more

of the controller’s channels being populated.

At first glance this latest PCIe 3.0 SSD is a direct

replacement for the Samsung 970 Evo, but the big news

here is the Samsung 980 is a DRAMless drive, as in

there’s no DRAM buffer present. DRAM generally helps

the most with write performance, but Samsung believes

it can save some cash on this front and still provide

decent performance thanks to the use of its Host

Memory Buffer (HMB) feature and Intelligent

TurboWrite 2.0 tech, which on this 1TB model sets

aside a chunky 160GB for improved performance.

The lack of a DRAM buffer means that you won’t

hit a situation that can be found on some drives where

you fill the DRAM buffer and then hit a notable drop

in performance as you drop to the drive’s raw

performance. The downside is that more day-to-day

transfers don’t benefit from such a buffer.

Cool under pressure

As is standard these days, the drive comes with a five-

year warranty, with this 1TB model offering up a total

byte written (TBW) figure over that period of 600TB. It’s

a fairly cool-running SSD as well, thanks to a thin

copper film integrated into the heat spreader and the

use of a nickel coating on the controller chip to help

dissipate heat faster. Samsung has also introduced

something it calls Dynamic Thermal Guard to stop the

drive overheating. In testing the drive peaked at 62°C,

which is at the cooler end of the scale.

When it comes to performance, the Samsung 980 is

a bit of a tricky one, simply because it’s a new PCIe 3.0

drive in an era of PCIe 4.0 drives. While there’s clearly

still a massive market for what are effectively last-

A strange drive for stranger times, says a perfectly normal Alan Dexter.

Model:

MZ-V8V1T0BW

Capacity: 1TB

Interface:

M.2 PCIe 3.0 x4

Controller:

Samsung Pablo

NAND: Samsung

6th-gen V-NAND

Seq. read:

3,500MB/s

Seq. write:

3,000MB/s

Endurance:

600TBW

Warranty:

Five years

SPECS

Samsung 980 1TB SSD

Behold: a slab of black silicon that will power your storage.

VERDICT

There’s nothing wrong with Samsung’s latest SSD, but it’s

hard to get excited about PCIe 3.0 performance in 2021.

FEATURES 7/10

PERFORMANCE 6/10

EASE OF USE 9/10

VALUE 9/10

Rating 7/10

DEVELOPER: Samsung

WEB: www.samsung.com

PRICE: £120 1TB (£68 500MB, £50 250GB)

REVIEWS

CREDIT: Samsung

Radeon RX 6700 XT Kodachi

Shells.com Alma Linux

Desperados 3 Roundup: Browsers

REVIEWS Graphics card

18 LXF276 June 2021

www.linuxformat.com

GPU: Navi 22

Lithography:

TSMC 7nm

Die size:

336mm

Transistors:

17.2 billion

Stream

processors:

2,560

CUs: 40

Ray

accelerators: 40

Infinity cache:

128MB

GPU clock:

2,424MHz

Memory:

12GB GDDR6

Memory bus:

196-bit

Memory speed:

16Gbps

Memory

bandwidth:

384GB/s

TFLOPS FP32:

12.4

TBP: 230W

Recommended

PSU: 650W

Size: Two-slot

SPECS

AMD lists a TBP (typical board power, meaning that it

includes all power and not just the GPU) value of 230W.

That’s not bad, and it’s certainly within reach of most

modern gaming PCs because it only requires a decent

500W PSU (AMD recommends 650W or higher).

However, it’s slightly more than Nvidia’s competing RTX

3060 Ti and 3070 GPUs.

1080p gaming

AMD pitches the Radeon RX 6700 XT primarily as a

1440p gaming solution, or alternatively, a high-frame rate

1080p solution. We’ll start with the 1080p results and

move up to 1440p and 4K. Given the high-end price, we’re

sticking with our ultra (max/highest without MSAA or

SSAA) settings for this review.

Overall, the RX 6700 XT achieves buttery smooth

frame rates at 1080p ultra – no surprise there. Across our

tests, the card averaged 131fps, which is about seven per

cent faster than the RTX 3060 Ti and one per cent slower

than the RTX 3070.

A few other comparisons are worth pointing out. The

RX 6800 is (theoretically) £100 more than the 6700 XT, a

21 per cent difference in price, and it’s only 16 per cent

faster. The RX 6700 XT is also 26 per cent faster than the

previous generation RX 5700 XT, and over 40 per cent

faster than Nvidia’s RTX 2060 Super, with a launch price

that’s about 20 per cent higher than those two cards.

The main takeaway here is that AMD’s newcomer

lands right where you’d expect, in terms of traditional

rasterisation performance, when looking at the official

launch prices from AMD and Nvidia. It’s faster than the

3060 Ti, and close to the 3070, with a price slightly lower

than the 3070. If you don’t care about ray tracing, or you

don’t want an Nvidia GPU, the 6700 XT looks good.

Gaming at 1440p continues to be the sweet spot in our

view, combining high refresh rates with improved

he AMD Radeon RX 6700

XT marks the debut of

AMD’s smaller Navi 22

GPU, which we’ll call Little Big Navi

or Medium Navi or something.

Officially priced at £419, AMD pits

the RX 6700 XT against both the

RTX 3060 Ti and the RTX 3070,

targeting the sweet spot for price

and performance among the best

graphics cards and landing in

the upper ranks of our GPU

benchmark hierarchy.

Architecturally, Navi 22 doesn’t

lose any features from Big Navi

and RDNA2. What AMD has done

echoes what we’ve seen in

previous generations of GPUs. It’s

trimmed the fat, shrinking the die

size by reducing the number of

shader cores, memory controllers and Infinity Cache.

AMD made some serious cuts with Navi 22 compared

to Navi 21, with half the potential CUs and shader cores.

That’s the biggest change, but there are others that are

worth mentioning. The Infinity Cache checks in at 96MB

now, which is 25 per cent smaller than on Big Navi.

Similarly, there are now six 32-bit memory interfaces

instead of eight interfaces, which reduces bandwidth by

25 per cent. AMD compensates for the significant

reduction in core counts by delivering the highest

official GPU clocks so far, with a “Game” Clock rated at

2424MHz – and like other RDNA2 chips, it can and often

will exceed that in gaming workloads, with a maximum

boost clock of 2581MHz.

Radeon RX 6700 XT

Navi 22 joins the GPU party, trimming core counts, die size and price, as

Jarred Walton discovers. If only you could get your hands on it…

Twin fans, twin slots,

twin-peak power.

The Navi 22 silicon balances

performance, price and die size.

CREDIT: AMD

Graphics card REVIEWS

June 2021 LXF276 19

www.techradar.com/pro/linux

resolutions. The RX 6700 XT performance dropped by

23 per cent compared to 1080p ultra, but all of the games

we tested, at the settings we tested, stayed above 60fps.

The console comparison is appropriate, considering

the 6700 XT likely comes in around the same level as the

Xbox Series X — XSX has 52 CUs clocked at 1.83GHz,

compared to 40 CUs at 2.4GHz for the 6700 XT, so

they’re pretty close. How can an Xbox manage 4K gaming

while a PC can’t? Easy: dynamic resolution scaling

combined with slightly lower settings. 1440p upscaled to

4K at well over 60fps is often what you get on consoles,

and you can get the same with PCs.

Overall standings don’t change too much with the

higher resolution. The 6700 XT still came in seven per

cent ahead of the 3060 Ti, but it’s now three per cent

behind the 3070. The RX 6800 lead increased to 21 per

cent, while the 6700 XT beat the 5700 XT by 30 per cent

and the 2060 Super by 48 per cent.

4K ultra tends to require extreme GPUs for 60fps, but

if you’re willing to tweak the settings a bit then it’s

certainly within reach. Across the full suite of games, the

6700 XT managed 57fps on average, with some of the

games breaking 60fps. Memory bandwidth starts to play

a bigger role at 4K, however, so the RX 6700 XT’s lead

over the RTX 3060 Ti now shrinks to just two per cent –

and again, DLSS (deep learning super sampling) can

easily make up for the difference and then some.

Temperatures, clocks and fans

Fan speeds directly affect temperatures, and here we see

the reduced cooling capacity of AMD’s reference design.

It’s not loud, but it does hit higher temperatures – not that

72°C is particularly hot. The larger fans help make up for

the reduced number of fans, but the triple fan cards all

achieve lower temperatures.

Lower fan speeds naturally mean lower noise levels.

The noise floor of our test environment and equipment

measures 34dB at a distance of 15cm from the side of the

GPU. We put the SPL (sound pressure level) meter close

to the GPU fans to focus on their noise, rather than case

fans or other noise sources. The reference RX 6700 XT

measured 40dB.

More and less Navi

If all of the Nvidia Ampere and AMD RDNA2 GPUs were

available at prices close to MSRP then the RX 6700 XT

would look a bit overpriced. It’s essentially a match for

the RTX 3060 Ti, without the option for DLSS at an £80

price premium. Calling this an RTX 3070 competitor is a

bit too ambitious.

AMD’s Navi 22 chip takes over from the previous

generation Navi 10 chip, packing in new features and a

large Infinity Cache that results in 33 per cent larger die.

It’s not just ray tracing and cache, though, because VRS,

mesh shaders and a reworked pipeline that can hit much

higher clocks are all part of the package. If nothing else,

the clocks on AMD’s RDNA2 parts are impressive, and the

6700 XT typically runs at clocks around 40 per cent

higher than RX 5700 XT. Combined with the other

architectural tweaks and enhancements that yields

gaming performance which is around 30 per cent faster,

together with 50 per cent more VRAM to ensure you

won’t hit memory limits in the most voracious of games.

Is that enough? At ‘official’ prices – which are basically

just fantasyland right now – we’d call this a good card, but

the RX 6800 and RX 6800 XT are better overall picks.

More memory, more cores, better performance and not

that much more expensive. We’d also give the RTX 3060

Ti and RTX 3070 an edge over the 6700 XT, due to

features, performance and pricing (in that order).

Even if mining weren’t making a bad situation worse,

the latest GPUs would likely still be hard to come by, and

shortages on various tech components – including GPUs,

memory, substrates, and even automobile and

smartphone chips – are projected to last until 2022.

The good news is that, as a smaller chip, AMD planned

for higher sales back when it ordered Navi 22 wafers. If

AMD follows the usual pattern then there’ll probably be

twice as many RX 6700 XT cards as all the Navi 21 cards

combined. If you can find one for sale at MSRP tomorrow,

you should probably just buy it.

WAITING FOR RAYTRACING

It’s barely worth mentioning at this stage but Linux systems are still

waiting for Vulkan-based raytracing to appear. While Nvidia and AMD

cards now both offer affordable performance levels, AMD is yet to

release a driver with the required extensions either in a packaged

driver or AMDVLK, which will be part of the v21.x major update later in

2021. Even then it’s likely that Linux will only see gaming raytracing

through Valve’s Steam Play using VKD3D-Proton, which enables

DirectX 12 raytracing to be implemented through Vulkan. There are

some Vulkan-based demos that show off the potential of raytracing

but even so, the large performance hit for a minor increase in visuals

means that this feature is of minor interest, for now at least.

It’s a big card and

it need reasonably

big power!

VERDICT

Delivering good performance, it’s doubtful AMD will meet the

demand at launch, but thinking long-term this should prove

a competitive offering in the GPU market.

FEATURES 8/10

PERFORMANCE 8/10

EASE OF USE 9/10

VALUE 8/10

Rating 8/10

DEVELOPER: AMD

WEB: www.amd.com/radeon6700

PRICE: £419

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