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A silicon based implantable microelectrode array for
electrophysiological and dopamine recording from cortex to
striatum in the non-human primate brain
Song Zhang
a,b
, Yilin Song
a,b
, Mixia Wang
a,b
, Zhiming Zhang
c
, Xinyi Fan
a,b
,
Xianteng Song
a,b
, Ping Zhuang
d
, Feng Yue
d
, Piu Chan
d,
n
, Xinxia Cai
a,b,
nn
a
State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
b
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10090, China
c
University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536–0098, USA
d
Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
article info
Article history:
Received 21 March 2016
Received in revised form
22 April 2016
Accepted 26 April 2016
Available online 27 April 2016
Keywords:
Implantable MEA
Neuroelectrical
Neurochemical
DA
Non-human primate
abstract
Dual-mode, multielectrode recordings have become routine in rodent neuroscience research and have
recently been adapted to the non-human primate. However, robust and reliable application of acute,
multielectrode recording methods in monkeys especially for deep brain nucleus research remains a
challenge. In this paper, We described a low cost silicon based 16-site implantable microelectrode array
(MEA) chip fabricated by standard lithography technology for in vivo test. The array was 25 mm long and
designed to use in non-human primate models, for electrophysiological and electrochemical recording.
We presented a detailed protocol for array fabrication, then showed that the device can record Spikes,
LFPs and dopamine (DA) variation continuously from cortex to striatum in an esthetized monkey. Though
our experiment, high-quality electrophysiological signals were obtained from the animal. Across any
given microelectrode, spike amplitudes ranged from 70 to 300
μ
V peak to peak, with a mean signal-to-
noise ratio of better than 5:1. Calibration results showed the MEA probe had high sensitivity and good
selectivity for DA. The DA concentration changed from 42.8 to 481.6
μ
M when the MEA probe inserted
from cortex into deep brain nucleus of striatum, which reflected the inhomogeneous distribution of DA
in brains. Compared with existing methods allowing single mode (electrophysiology or electrochemistry)
recording. This system is designed explicitly for dual-mode recording to meet the challenges of recording
in non-human primates.
& 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Neural signals are more difficult to be recorded in the non-
human primate brain due to the different cell density. Dual-mode,
multielectrode recordings have become routine in rodent neu-
roscience research and have recently been adapted to the non-
human primate (Disney et al., 2015; Stephens et al., 2010). How-
ever, robust and reliable application of acute, multiple-electrode
recording methods in macaque monkeys especially for deep brain
nucleus research remains a challenge. Meeting that challenge is
important because macaques have been the primate model of
choice for studying the neural mechanisms underlying perception,
movement, control, and cognition (Miguel et al., 2003). For the
reason that they are the nearest mode to human come so far.
Currently, the primary technique employed in circuit-level
study of the non-human primate brain is electrophysiology, re-
cording local field or action potentials (LFPs or APs). Electro-
physiological recording techniques are well developed in neu-
roscience, however, most communication between neurons is
chemical. The field of electrochemistry has made exciting inroads
into the field in recent years (Burmeister et al., 2000; Park et al.,
2011). But the relationship between electrical activity and che-
mical signaling is still not well understood in vivo. The ability to
concurrently measure the electrical activity of neurons (LFPs and
APs) and non-synaptic neuro modulatory signals, both on fast
timescales, will be central to understanding neural circuits (Disney
et al., 2015).
Previous reports examining neural information detections in
non-human primate models were based on traditional
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bios
Biosensors and Bioelectronics
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.087
0956-5663/& 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
nn
Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, In-
stitute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China.
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: pbchan90@gmail.com (P. Chan), xxcai@mail.ie.ac.cn (X. Cai).
Biosensors and Bioelectronics 85 (2016) 53–61