AN H.264/AVC HDTV watermarking algorithm robust to camcorder
recording
Li Li
a
, Zihui Dong
a
, Jianfeng Lu
a,1
, Junping Dai
b
, Qianru Huang
a
, Chin-Chen Chang
c,d,
⇑
, Ting Wu
a
a
Institute of Graphics and Image, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
b
Institute of Digital Media, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
c
Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
d
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
article info
Article history:
Received 1 March 2014
Accepted 26 August 2014
Available online 16 September 2014
Keywords:
Video watermark
Camcorder recording
Watermark pattern
Robustness
Copyright
Geometric attack
Watson visual model
Temporal synchronization
abstract
With the purpose of copyright protection of digital video, this paper proposes an H.264/AVC HDTV water-
marking method that is robust to camcorder recording. Because contents in the consecutive frames of a
video are almost identical, we embed the copyright information by fine-tuning the luminance relation-
ship of the consecutive frames. To ensure the quality of the video and the robustness of the algorithm,
we use an adaptive watermark pattern to reduce the image area to be modified, and we make the embed-
ding strength adaptive according to the improved Watson visual model. When detecting watermarks, to
reduce detecting errors caused by recording errors and shot changes, we determine the detecting area
adaptively according to the size of the w atermarked video and segment the video into shots using the
directional empirical mode decomposition method. Experimental results show that the proposed method
achieves high video quality and is robust to camcorder recording, transcoding, recoding, and other geo-
metric attacks.
Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In recent years, with the continuous development of multime-
dia technology, there have been more and more high-definition
videos in people’s everyday lives through high-speed networks
and high-definition equipment. Although the development of tech-
nology can enrich people’s lives, it can also cause huge losses to
product copyright owners because digital media products can be
duplicated and distributed easily with high-quality recording
devices. Thus, in the network era of the digital media industry, it
is necessary to explore effective solutions to prevent piracy and
protect intellectual property rights of digital media products.
Geometric attack is the most serious one of all watermark
attacks. For still images, there have been various watermarking pro-
posals against geometrical attacks. The watermark embedding pro-
cess should be synchronized with the extracting process. The
principle of watermark synchronization are geometric correction
methods [1–3], geometric invariant methods [4–7] and feature
based methods [8–10]. Geometric correction methods include
image registration and template watermarking schemes. Geometric
invariant methods include Fourier–Mellin conversion coefficient,
geometric invariant moment and normalization watermarking
method, etc. Feature-based methods include Harris-Laplace fea-
ture, SIFT or SURF based watermarking schemes, etc. However,
these schemes are not suitable for video watermarking because of
their high computational complexity and limited robustness
against compound geometrical and temporal attacks.
Some researches have been conducted on copyright protection
of digital videos [11–13]. However, most of these studies target
standard-definition videos; when applied to high-definition vid-
eos, the quality of the watermarked videos is badly affected. In
addition, the studies’ methods are only robust to some conven-
tional video watermarking attacks and do not address camcorder
recording attacks. High-definition video watermarking methods
are proposed in [14,15], they achieve high video quality but they
are also vulnerable to camcorder recording attacks.
For the video watermarking algorithm against camcorder
recording attack, the biggest influence is also geometric attacks,
such as rotation, resizing, and cropping. These geometric attacks
can cause an offset of the spatial position, which leads to failure
of watermark detection. The video watermarking strategy com-
monly used against geometric attacks is to embed the watermark
in the geometric invariant places, such as features [16] of video
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2014.08.009
1047-3203/Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
⇑
Corresponding author at: Department of Information Engineering and
Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan.
E-mail addresses: jflu@hdu.edu.cn (J. Lu), alan3c@gmail.com (C.-C. Chang).
1
Principal corresponding author.
J. Vis. Commun. Image R. 26 (2015) 1–8
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
J. Vis. Commun. Image R.
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvci
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